Content deleted Content added • *Revision as of 22:18, 3 July 2026 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&oldid=1362430953)edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&action=edit&oldid=1362430953)** Editor12341 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Editor12341&action=edit&redlink=1) (talk (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Editor12341&action=edit&redlink=1) | contribs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Editor12341)) 21 edits ← Previous edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=prev&oldid=1362430953)Latest revision as of 02:03, 5 July 2026 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&oldid=1362602928)edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&action=edit)undo (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&action=edit&undoafter=1362430953&undo=1362602928) Editor12341 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Editor12341&action=edit&redlink=1) (talk (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Editor12341&action=edit&redlink=1) | contribs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Editor12341)) 21 edits Line 1:Line 1: {{Short description|Territory ruled by al-Shabaab in Somalia}}{{Distinguish|Islamic State – Somalia Province}}{{Infobox country{{Short description|Territory ruled by Al-Shabaab in Somalia}}{{Distinguish|Islamic State – Somalia Province}}{{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Islamic Wilayat of Somalia| conventional_long_name = Islamic Wilayat of Somalia | native_name = {{native name|so|Wilaayaatka Islaamiga Soomaaliya}} {{native name|ar|ولايات الصومال الإسلامية}}| native_name = {{native name|so|Wilaayaatka Islaamiga Soomaaliya}} {{native name|ar|ولايات الصومال الإسلامية}} Line 31:Line 31: The '''Islamic Wilayat of Somalia''',{{efn|{{langx|so|Wilaayaatka Islaamiga Soomaaliya}}; {{langx|ar|ولايات الصومال الإسلامية The '''Islamic Wilayat of Somalia''',{{efn|{{langx|so|Wilaayaatka Islaamiga Soomaaliya}}; {{langx|ar|ولايات الصومال الإسلامية }}}}https://somalilandsun.com/shabaab2/ also called the '''Islamic Emirate of Somalia''',{{cite journal |last=Lia |first=Brynjar |title=Understanding Jihadi Proto-States |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |volume=9 |issue=4 |date=August 2015 |url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2015/volume-4/4-understanding-jihadi-proto-states-by-brynjar-lia.pdf |issn=2334-3745 |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2021-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207152232/https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2015/volume-4/4-understanding-jihadi-proto-states-by-brynjar-lia.pdf |url-status=dead}} is an [[Sovereign state|unrecognized state]] under the control and governance of [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shabaab]], which declared its territory as a collection of Islamic provinces in 2008. Al-Shabaab aims to control Somalia and govern the country by imposing a strict interpretation of the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] ideology,{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Ranya |title=How Ideology Influences Terror |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5275-5754-3 |pages=64}} although its government remains [[List of states with limited recognition|unrecognized]]. The ''de facto'' capital has been [[Jilib]] since 2014. The borders of the Islamic Wilayat of Somalia underwent drastic changes throughout the [[Somali Civil War]].}}}}https://somalilandsun.com/shabaab2/ also called the '''Islamic Emirate of Somalia''',{{cite journal |last=Lia |first=Brynjar |title=Understanding Jihadi Proto-States |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |volume=9 |issue=4 |date=August 2015 |url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2015/volume-4/4-understanding-jihadi-proto-states-by-brynjar-lia.pdf |issn=2334-3745 |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2021-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207152232/https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2015/volume-4/4-understanding-jihadi-proto-states-by-brynjar-lia.pdf |url-status=dead}} is an [[Sovereign state|unrecognized state]] under the control and governance of [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]], which declared its territory as a collection of Islamic provinces in 2008. Al-Shabaab aims to control Somalia and govern the country by imposing a strict interpretation of the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] ideology,{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Ranya |title=How Ideology Influences Terror |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5275-5754-3 |pages=64}} although its government remains [[List of states with limited recognition|unrecognized]]. The ''de facto'' capital has been [[Jilib]] since 2014. The borders of the Islamic Wilayat of Somalia underwent drastic changes throughout the [[Somali Civil War]]. ==History====History== Al-Shabaab had its origins in the [[Islamic Courts Union]], an umbrella group which governed much of Somalia until the [[War in Somalia (2006–2009)|Ethiopian invasion]] in December 2006.{{Cite journal |last=Cocodia |first=Jude |date=2021-04-03 |title=Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 |journal=African Security |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=110–131 |doi=10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 |issn=1939-2206|url-access=subscription }}International Crisis Group. "Considering Political Engagement with Al-Shabaab in Somalia". ''Africa Report''. '''309'''. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-09."The Domestication of Al-Shabaab". ''The Journal of the Middle East and Africa''. '''10''' (3): 279–305. {{doi|10.1080/21520844.2019.1658986}}. {{ISSN|2152-0844}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 211466646. Bacon, Trisha. Muibu, Daisy. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2022. In 2007–08, al-Shabaab was established as an independent group, gaining much support after branding itself the Somali resistance against the Ethiopian occupation.Al-Shabaab had its origins in the [[Islamic Courts Union]], an umbrella group which governed much of Somalia until the [[War in Somalia (2006–2009)|Ethiopian invasion]] in December 2006.{{Cite journal |last=Cocodia |first=Jude |date=2021-04-03 |title=Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 |journal=African Security |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=110–131 |doi=10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 |issn=1939-2206|url-access=subscription }}International Crisis Group. "Considering Political Engagement with Al-Shabaab in Somalia". ''Africa Report''. '''309'''. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-09."The Domestication of Al-Shabaab". ''The Journal of the Middle East and Africa''. '''10''' (3): 279–305. {{doi|10.1080/21520844.2019.1658986}}. {{ISSN|2152-0844}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 211466646. Bacon, Trisha. Muibu, Daisy. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2022. In 2007–08, Al-Shabaab was established as an independent group, gaining much support after branding itself the Somali resistance against the Ethiopian occupation. Al-Shabaab fused [[Somali nationalism]] with [[jihadism]]. It was also [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]], linking the grievances of Somalia with those of the entire Muslim world."The Evolution of East African Salafi-jihadism". Barnett, James (2020-05-28). Report of the [[Hudson Institute]]. Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-09.[[Lorenzo G. Vidino|Vidino, Lorenzo]]; Pantucci, Raffaello; [[Evan Kohlmann|Kohlmann, Evan]] (2010). "Bringing Global Jihad to the Horn of Africa: al Shabaab, Western Fighters, and the Sacralization of the Somali Conflict". ''African Security''. '''3''' (4): 216–238. {{doi|10.1080/19392206.2010.533071}}. {{ISSN|1939-2206}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 144501155. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2022. The ideology of al-Shabaab represented the fusion of the [[Salafi jihadism|Salafi Jihadist]] trend in Somalia, which collaborated with the [[Takfir wal-Hijra|Takfir wal-Hijra]] group, with the hardline elements of Wahhabi groups in Somalia.{{Cite web |last=Marchal |first=Roland |date=March 2011 |title=The rise of a Jihadi movement in a country at war: Harkat al-Shabaab al Mujaheddin in Somalia |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514085525/https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2014 |website=SciencesPo |pages=12, 13}} Wahhabi group [[Jama'at al-I'tisam]] supported the setting up of early al-Shabab training camps, and its most hardcore faction merged into al-Shabaab in late 2004.{{Cite web |last=Marchal |first=Roland |date=March 2011 |title=The rise of a Jihadi movement in a country at war: Harkat al-Shabaab al Mujaheddin in Somalia |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514085525/https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2014 |website=SciencesPo |pages=13, 15}}Al-Shabaab fused [[Somali nationalism]] with [[jihadism]]. It was also [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]], linking the grievances of Somalia with those of the entire Muslim world."The Evolution of East African Salafi-jihadism". Barnett, James (2020-05-28). Report of the [[Hudson Institute]]. Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-09.[[Lorenzo G. Vidino|Vidino, Lorenzo]]; Pantucci, Raffaello; [[Evan Kohlmann|Kohlmann, Evan]] (2010). "Bringing Global Jihad to the Horn of Africa: al Shabaab, Western Fighters, and the Sacralization of the Somali Conflict". ''African Security''. '''3''' (4): 216–238. {{doi|10.1080/19392206.2010.533071}}. {{ISSN|1939-2206}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 144501155. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2022. The ideology of Al-Shabaab represented the fusion of the [[Salafi jihadism|Salafi Jihadist]] trend in Somalia, which collaborated with the [[Takfir wal-Hijra|Takfir wal-Hijra]] group, with the hardline elements of Wahhabi groups in Somalia.{{Cite web |last=Marchal |first=Roland |date=March 2011 |title=The rise of a Jihadi movement in a country at war: Harkat Al-Shabaab al Mujaheddin in Somalia |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514085525/https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2014 |website=SciencesPo |pages=12, 13}} Wahhabi group [[Jama'at al-I'tisam]] supported the setting up of early al-Shabab training camps, and its most hardcore faction merged into Al-Shabaab in late 2004.{{Cite web |last=Marchal |first=Roland |date=March 2011 |title=The rise of a Jihadi movement in a country at war: Harkat Al-Shabaab al Mujaheddin in Somalia |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514085525/https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2014 |website=SciencesPo |pages=13, 15}} However, some of the more nationalist factions of al-Shabaab rejected pan-Islamism and only wanted Somalia under Islamic rule.Schaefer, Alan (2011). "Clan and Conflict in Somalia: Al-Shabaab and the Myth of 'Transcending Clan Politics'". ''Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor''. '''9''' (40). Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111shrg49640/html/CHRG-111shrg49640.htm Senate Hearing 111–678: Violent Islamic Extremism—2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109060737/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111shrg49640/html/CHRG-111shrg49640.htm|date=November 9, 2020}}. Hearing of the [[United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs]]. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2009. Much of al-Shabaab was staunchly nationalist, and aimed to expand across all of [[Greater Somalia]].Solomon, Hussein (2014). "Somalia's al-Shabaab: Clans vs Islamist nationalism". ''South African Journal of International Affairs''. '''21''' (3): 351–366. {{doi|10.1080/10220461.2014.967286}}. {{ISSN|1022-0461}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 153592166. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2022.Petrich, Katharine (2022). "Cows, Charcoal, and Cocaine: Al-Shabaab's Criminal Activities in the Horn of Africa". ''Studies in Conflict & Terrorism''. '''45''' (5–6): 479–500. {{doi|10.1080/1057610X.2019.1678873}}. {{ISSN|1057-610X}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 208835514. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022. After the collapse of the Islamic Courts Union in 2007, Al-Shabaab launched its own insurgency.{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=William |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-785 |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African History |last2=Gakuo Mwangi |first2=Oscar |date=25 March 2021 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |chapter=Al-Shabaab |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.785 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155041/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-785;jsessionid=8BDD05A94FB4CB9BB15D9428A61BB66C?rskey=cj1t0b&result=1 |archive-date=29 December 2022}} Although focused solely on Somalia, al-Shabaab attracted some foreign jihadists. The vast majority of the foreign jihadists were [[Somali diaspora]]. The rest included volunteers from [[East Africa]], the [[Middle East]], and the [[West]].{{Cite web |last=Doctor |first=Austin C. |date=2020-08-18 |title=The Looming Influx of Foreign Fighters in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/the-looming-influx-of-foreign-fighters-in-sub-saharan-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908225748/https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/the-looming-influx-of-foreign-fighters-in-sub-saharan-africa/ |archive-date=September 8, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US}} High ranking foreign fighters included [[Fuad Qalaf|Fuad Qalaf Shongole]], a Swedish Somali;{{cite web |last=Khalif |first=Abdulkadir |date=2012-02-22 |title=Al-Shabaab Wants Girls to Join Warfront Against Govt |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201202220071.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226185357/http://allafrica.com/stories/201202220071.html |archive-date=February 26, 2012 |access-date=2022-09-12 |work=allAfrica}} [[Jehad Mostafa]], a Kurdish American;{{Cite web |last=McKay |first=Hollie |date=2020-01-08 |title=Who is the FBI's most wanted American terrorist? Meet Jehad Serwan Mostafa |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/who-is-the-fbis-most-wanted-american-terrorist-meet-jehad-serwan-mostafa |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}} [[Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki|Omar Shafik Hammami]], a Syrian American;{{cite news |date=12 September 2013 |title=Rapping American jihadi killed: reports |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/rapping-american-jihadi-killed-reports-20130912-2tnsd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231034815/http://www.smh.com.au/world/rapping-american-jihadi-killed-reports-20130912-2tnsd.html |archive-date=December 31, 2013 |access-date=12 September 2013 |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald}} and [[Mujahid Miski]], a Somali American.{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim |first=Mukhtar M. |date=2015-12-07 |title=Minn. al-Shabab fighter surrenders in Somalia |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/12/07/mohamed-abdullahi-hassan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910141504/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/12/07/mohamed-abdullahi-hassan |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=MPR News |language=en}}However, some of the more nationalist factions of Al-Shabaab rejected pan-Islamism and only wanted Somalia under Islamic rule.Schaefer, Alan (2011). "Clan and Conflict in Somalia: Al-Shabaab and the Myth of 'Transcending Clan Politics'". ''Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor''. '''9''' (40). Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111shrg49640/html/CHRG-111shrg49640.htm Senate Hearing 111–678: Violent Islamic Extremism—2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109060737/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111shrg49640/html/CHRG-111shrg49640.htm|date=November 9, 2020}}. Hearing of the [[United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs]]. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2009. Much of Al-Shabaab was staunchly nationalist, and aimed to expand across all of [[Greater Somalia]].Solomon, Hussein (2014). "Somalia's Al-Shabaab: Clans vs Islamist nationalism". ''South African Journal of International Affairs''. '''21''' (3): 351–366. {{doi|10.1080/10220461.2014.967286}}. {{ISSN|1022-0461}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 153592166. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2022.Petrich, Katharine (2022). "Cows, Charcoal, and Cocaine: Al-Shabaab's Criminal Activities in the Horn of Africa". ''Studies in Conflict & Terrorism''. '''45''' (5–6): 479–500. {{doi|10.1080/1057610X.2019.1678873}}. {{ISSN|1057-610X}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 208835514. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022. After the collapse of the Islamic Courts Union in 2007, Al-Shabaab launched its own insurgency.{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=William |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-785 |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African History |last2=Gakuo Mwangi |first2=Oscar |date=25 March 2021 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |chapter=Al-Shabaab |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.785 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155041/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-785;jsessionid=8BDD05A94FB4CB9BB15D9428A61BB66C?rskey=cj1t0b&result=1 |archive-date=29 December 2022}} Although focused solely on Somalia, Al-Shabaab attracted some foreign jihadists. The vast majority of the foreign jihadists were [[Somali diaspora]]. The rest included volunteers from [[East Africa]], the [[Middle East]], and the [[West]].{{Cite web |last=Doctor |first=Austin C. |date=2020-08-18 |title=The Looming Influx of Foreign Fighters in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/the-looming-influx-of-foreign-fighters-in-sub-saharan-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908225748/https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/the-looming-influx-of-foreign-fighters-in-sub-saharan-africa/ |archive-date=September 8, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US}} High ranking foreign fighters included [[Fuad Qalaf|Fuad Qalaf Shongole]], a Swedish Somali;{{cite web |last=Khalif |first=Abdulkadir |date=2012-02-22 |title=Al-Shabaab Wants Girls to Join Warfront Against Govt |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201202220071.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226185357/http://allafrica.com/stories/201202220071.html |archive-date=February 26, 2012 |access-date=2022-09-12 |work=allAfrica}} [[Jehad Mostafa]], a Kurdish American;{{Cite web |last=McKay |first=Hollie |date=2020-01-08 |title=Who is the FBI's most wanted American terrorist? Meet Jehad Serwan Mostafa |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/who-is-the-fbis-most-wanted-american-terrorist-meet-jehad-serwan-mostafa |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}} [[Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki|Omar Shafik Hammami]], a Syrian American;{{cite news |date=12 September 2013 |title=Rapping American jihadi killed: reports |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/rapping-american-jihadi-killed-reports-20130912-2tnsd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231034815/http://www.smh.com.au/world/rapping-american-jihadi-killed-reports-20130912-2tnsd.html |archive-date=December 31, 2013 |access-date=12 September 2013 |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald}} and [[Mujahid Miski]], a Somali American.{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim |first=Mukhtar M. |date=2015-12-07 |title=Minn. al-Shabab fighter surrenders in Somalia |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/12/07/mohamed-abdullahi-hassan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910141504/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/12/07/mohamed-abdullahi-hassan |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=MPR News |language=en}} During the [[War in Somalia (2006–2009)|Ethiopian military occupation]], many Somalis saw al-Shabaab as a genuine national resistance movement, while al-Shabaab further capitalized on its nationalist ideology.{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Abdulahi |date=March 2008 |title=Inside Look at the Fighting Between Al-Shabab and Ahlu-Sunna wal-Jama |url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Vol2Iss3-Art2.pdf |url-status=live |journal=CTC Sentinel |volume=2 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227063346/https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Vol2Iss3-Art2.pdf |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |access-date=December 28, 2023}}{{Cite journal |last=Mueller |first=Jason C. |date=2018-01-02 |title=The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 |url-status=live |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=116–141 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 |issn=0954-6553 |s2cid=148494845 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105203629/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 |archive-date=January 5, 2024 |access-date=December 28, 2023|url-access=subscription }} On 13 November 2008, al-Shabaab rapidly expanded and governed territory for the first time.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D97AEAAAQBAJ |title=The Rule Is For None But Allah |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-19-769039-0 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Joana |pages=111 |access-date=December 28, 2023 |editor-last2=Maher |editor-first2=Shiraz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228054306/https://books.google.com/books?id=D97AEAAAQBAJ |archive-date=December 28, 2023 |url-status=live}} The group also established networks and territorial bases concentrated in the rural south-central regions. The [[African Union]] reported Al-Shabaab was about 2,000 fighters strong during 2008.{{Cite web |last=Hummel |first=Kristina |date=2024-04-30 |title=The Somali National Army Versus al-Shabaab: A Net Assessment |url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-somali-national-army-versus-al-shabaab-a-net-assessment/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=[[Combating Terrorism Center at West Point]] |language=en-US}}During the [[War in Somalia (2006–2009)|Ethiopian military occupation]], many Somalis saw Al-Shabaab as a genuine national resistance movement, while Al-Shabaab further capitalized on its nationalist ideology.{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Abdulahi |date=March 2008 |title=Inside Look at the Fighting Between Al-Shabab and Ahlu-Sunna wal-Jama |url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Vol2Iss3-Art2.pdf |url-status=live |journal=CTC Sentinel |volume=2 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227063346/https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Vol2Iss3-Art2.pdf |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |access-date=December 28, 2023}}{{Cite journal |last=Mueller |first=Jason C. |date=2018-01-02 |title=The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 |url-status=live |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=116–141 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 |issn=0954-6553 |s2cid=148494845 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105203629/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 |archive-date=January 5, 2024 |access-date=December 28, 2023|url-access=subscription }} On 13 November 2008, Al-Shabaab rapidly expanded and governed territory for the first time.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D97AEAAAQBAJ |title=The Rule Is For None But Allah |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-19-769039-0 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Joana |pages=111 |access-date=December 28, 2023 |editor-last2=Maher |editor-first2=Shiraz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228054306/https://books.google.com/books?id=D97AEAAAQBAJ |archive-date=December 28, 2023 |url-status=live}} The group also established networks and territorial bases concentrated in the rural south-central regions. The [[African Union]] reported Al-Shabaab was about 2,000 fighters strong during 2008.{{Cite web |last=Hummel |first=Kristina |date=2024-04-30 |title=The Somali National Army Versus Al-Shabaab: A Net Assessment |url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-somali-national-army-versus-al-shabaab-a-net-assessment/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=[[Combating Terrorism Center at West Point]] |language=en-US}} In September 2008, al-Shabaab announced its establishment of a government administration in Kismayo, and planned to declare the Islamic Emirate of Somalia. However, it was not declared. The group claimed that administrative positions would be divided between al-Shabaab, surviving ICU members, and clan leaders. However, various clan elders and ICU commanders complained that they were left out of the negotiations. In January 2009, the [[Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia|ARS]] joined the [[Transitional Federal Government of Somalia|TFG]], with [[Sharif Sheikh Ahmed]] emerging as the new president of the TFG. Al-Shabaab began to attack the ARS for joining the TFG. The Somali government had lost almost all of the territory recovered by the TFG in 2007."Al-Shabaab and Boko Haram: Guerrilla Insurgency Or Strategic Terrorism?", John Maszka, 2017, pp. 76. {{ISBN|9781786344007}}In September 2008, Al-Shabaab announced its establishment of a government administration in Kismayo, and planned to declare the Islamic Emirate of Somalia. However, it was not declared. The group claimed that administrative positions would be divided between Al-Shabaab, surviving ICU members, and clan leaders. However, various clan elders and ICU commanders complained that they were left out of the negotiations. In January 2009, the [[Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia|ARS]] joined the [[Transitional Federal Government of Somalia|TFG]], with [[Sharif Sheikh Ahmed]] emerging as the new president of the TFG. Al-Shabaab began to attack the ARS for joining the TFG. The Somali government had lost almost all of the territory recovered by the TFG in 2007."Al-Shabaab and Boko Haram: Guerrilla Insurgency Or Strategic Terrorism?", John Maszka, 2017, pp. 76. {{ISBN|9781786344007}} [[Ahmed Abdi Godane|Ahmed Godane]] was announced the emir of al-Shabaab in 2008. He pledged allegiance to [[Osama bin Laden]] and took a pan-Islamist approach, unlike the Somali nationalists in al-Shabaab. After the Ethiopian withdrawal in January 2009, the public support that al-Shabaab had previously enjoyed as a resistance faction had significantly diminished. After al-Shabaab allied with [[al-Qaeda]], [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] encouraged jihadists to migrate to Somalia in support of al-Shabaab. Osama bin Laden also released a statement in support of al-Shabaab in Somalia. Al-Shabaab significantly grew in power and size.After Bin Laden: Al Qaeda, the Next Generation, Abdel Bari Atwan, 2013, pp. 115-116, {{ISBN|9781595588999}}[[Ahmed Abdi Godane|Ahmed Godane]] was announced the emir of Al-Shabaab in 2008. He pledged allegiance to [[Osama bin Laden]] and took a pan-Islamist approach, unlike the Somali nationalists in Al-Shabaab. After the Ethiopian withdrawal in January 2009, the public support that Al-Shabaab had previously enjoyed as a resistance faction had significantly diminished. After Al-Shabaab allied with [[al-Qaeda]], [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] encouraged jihadists to migrate to Somalia in support of Al-Shabaab. Osama bin Laden also released a statement in support of Al-Shabaab in Somalia. Al-Shabaab significantly grew in power and size.After Bin Laden: Al Qaeda, the Next Generation, Abdel Bari Atwan, 2013, pp. 115-116, {{ISBN|9781595588999}} By 2009–10, al-Shabaab controlled most of central and southern Somalia, and it had formed administrative structures to govern territories under its control.Bacon, Tricia; Muibu, Daisy (2019b). "The Domestication of Al-Shabaab". ''The Journal of the Middle East and Africa''. '''10''' (3): 279–305. {{doi|10.1080/21520844.2019.1658986}}. {{ISSN|2152-0844}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 211466646. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2022.Anzalone, Christopher (2013). "Al-Shabab's Tactical and Media Strategies in the Wake of its Battlefield Setbacks". ''CTC Sentinel''. '''6''' (3). Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.Bryden, Matt (2014). "The Reinvention of Al-Shabaab: A Strategy of Choice or Necessity?"(PDF). Report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.By 2009–10, Al-Shabaab controlled most of central and southern Somalia, and it had formed administrative structures to govern territories under its control.Bacon, Tricia; Muibu, Daisy (2019b). "The Domestication of Al-Shabaab". ''The Journal of the Middle East and Africa''. '''10''' (3): 279–305. {{doi|10.1080/21520844.2019.1658986}}. {{ISSN|2152-0844}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 211466646. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2022.Anzalone, Christopher (2013). "Al-Shabab's Tactical and Media Strategies in the Wake of its Battlefield Setbacks". ''CTC Sentinel''. '''6''' (3). Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.Bryden, Matt (2014). "The Reinvention of Al-Shabaab: A Strategy of Choice or Necessity?"(PDF). Report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022. During the [[Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011)|Battle of Mogadishu]], al-Shabaab suffered heavy losses. By August 2011, al-Shabaab withdrew from [[Mogadishu]], although it continues to influence the city and launch attacks from nearby cities. In October and November 2011, local groups with the support of Kenya and Ethiopia launched offensives against al-Shabaab, with Kenya approaching from the south and Ethiopia approaching from the west. Al-Shabaab lost territory to both armies, notably losing [[Baidoa]] to Ethiopia in February 2012 and [[Battle of Kismayo (2012)|losing]] [[Kismayo]] to Kenya in October 2012.{{cite news |author=Will Ross |date=2012-02-22 |title=Somalia al-Shabab militant base of Baidoa captured |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17127353 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909130242/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17127353 |archive-date=September 9, 2022 |access-date=2012-08-04 |work=BBC News}}During the [[Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011)|Battle of Mogadishu]], Al-Shabaab suffered heavy losses. By August 2011, Al-Shabaab withdrew from [[Mogadishu]], although it continues to influence the city and launch attacks from nearby cities. In October and November 2011, local groups with the support of Kenya and Ethiopia launched offensives against Al-Shabaab, with Kenya approaching from the south and Ethiopia approaching from the west. Al-Shabaab lost territory to both armies, notably losing [[Baidoa]] to Ethiopia in February 2012 and [[Battle of Kismayo (2012)|losing]] [[Kismayo]] to Kenya in October 2012.{{cite news |author=Will Ross |date=2012-02-22 |title=Somalia al-Shabab militant base of Baidoa captured |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17127353 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909130242/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17127353 |archive-date=September 9, 2022 |access-date=2012-08-04 |work=BBC News}} Under Godane, al-Shabaab's stated goals expanded to include controlling Somalia for itself and governing the country by enforcing a strict interpretation of the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] ideology.{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Ranya |title=How Ideology Influences Terror |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5275-5754-3 |pages=64}} The authoritarian style of al-Shabaab's governance and its use of indiscriminate violence during Godane's tenure caused the group to lose support among the vast majority of Somalis. In 2013, the internal disagreements led to internecine violence as Godane purged his critics. The Pan-Islamist, pro-Al-Qaeda faction of Godane clashed with more nationalist factions.{{cite news |last=Tisdall |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Tisdall |date=22 September 2013 |title=Kenya attack is product of brutal power struggle within al-Shabaab |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/22/kenya-attack-power-struggle-al-shabaab |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305021048/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/22/kenya-attack-power-struggle-al-shabaab |archive-date=March 5, 2017 |access-date=23 September 2013 |work=The Guardian}}Under Godane, Al-Shabaab's stated goals expanded to include controlling Somalia for itself and governing the country by enforcing a strict interpretation of the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] ideology.{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Ranya |title=How Ideology Influences Terror |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5275-5754-3 |pages=64}} The authoritarian style of Al-Shabaab's governance and its use of indiscriminate violence during Godane's tenure caused the group to lose support among the vast majority of Somalis. In 2013, the internal disagreements led to internecine violence as Godane purged his critics. The Pan-Islamist, pro-Al-Qaeda faction of Godane clashed with more nationalist factions.{{cite news |last=Tisdall |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Tisdall |date=22 September 2013 |title=Kenya attack is product of brutal power struggle within Al-Shabaab |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/22/kenya-attack-power-struggle-al-shabaab |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305021048/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/22/kenya-attack-power-struggle-al-shabaab |archive-date=March 5, 2017 |access-date=23 September 2013 |work=The Guardian}} Al-Shabaab took significant damage in 2013. Following its territorial losses, al-Shabaab reverted to [[asymmetric warfare]] and guerrilla attacks. While the group no longer had governmental and military authority over substantial territory, it retained a sporadic presence, and therefore significant influence, in many places.{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Stig Jarle |author-link=Stig Jarle Hansen |date=2016-10-17 |title=Has Shabaab been weakened for good? The answer is 'yes' and 'no' |url=http://theconversation.com/has-shabaab-been-weakened-for-good-the-answer-is-yes-and-no-67067 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909130248/https://theconversation.com/has-shabaab-been-weakened-for-good-the-answer-is-yes-and-no-67067 |archive-date=September 9, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Conversation}}Doboš, Bohumil (2016). "Shapeshifter of Somalia: Evolution of the Political Territoriality of Al-Shabaab". ''Small Wars & Insurgencies''. '''27''' (5): 937–957. {{doi|10.1080/09592318.2016.1208282}}. {{ISSN|0959-2318}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 147834973. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 9, 2022.Al-Shabaab took significant damage in 2013. Following its territorial losses, Al-Shabaab reverted to [[asymmetric warfare]] and guerrilla attacks. While the group no longer had governmental and military authority over substantial territory, it retained a sporadic presence, and therefore significant influence, in many places.{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Stig Jarle |author-link=Stig Jarle Hansen |date=2016-10-17 |title=Has Shabaab been weakened for good? The answer is 'yes' and 'no' |url=http://theconversation.com/has-shabaab-been-weakened-for-good-the-answer-is-yes-and-no-67067 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909130248/https://theconversation.com/has-shabaab-been-weakened-for-good-the-answer-is-yes-and-no-67067 |archive-date=September 9, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Conversation}}Doboš, Bohumil (2016). "Shapeshifter of Somalia: Evolution of the Political Territoriality of Al-Shabaab". ''Small Wars & Insurgencies''. '''27''' (5): 937–957. {{doi|10.1080/09592318.2016.1208282}}. {{ISSN|0959-2318}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 147834973. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 9, 2022. In 2016, al-Shabaab remained weakened by the military campaign against it.[[Seth G. Jones|Jones, Seth G.]]; Liepman, Andrew; Chandler, Nathan (2016-09-13). "Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency in Somalia: Assessing the Campaign Against al-Shabaab". Report of the [[Rand Corporation]]. Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9,2022. An [[American military intervention in Somalia (2007–present)|American drone strike]] killed Godane on September 1, 2014,{{Cite web |last=Martinez |first=Michael |date=2014-09-05 |title=Top Somali militant killed in U.S. operation, Pentagon says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/09/05/world/africa/somali-militant-killed/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909130242/https://www.cnn.com/2014/09/05/world/africa/somali-militant-killed/index.html |archive-date=September 9, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=CNN}} and he was succeeded by [[Ahmed Diriye]].{{Cite news |date=2014-09-06 |title=Al-Shabab names new leader after Godane death in US strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29093200 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909130242/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29093200 |archive-date=September 9, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-09 |work=BBC News}} The group reverted to its Somali nationalism.Petrich, Katharine (2022). "Cows, Charcoal, and Cocaine: Al-Shabaab's Criminal Activities in the Horn of Africa". ''Studies in Conflict & Terrorism''. '''45''' (5–6): 479–500. {{doi|10.1080/1057610X.2019.1678873}}. {{ISSN|1057-610X}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 208835514. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022. Al-Shabaab won more military operations against the government.{{Cite news |last= |date=2021-08-24 |title=Al Shabaab attacks Somali military base, recaptures central town |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/al-shabaab-attacks-somali-military-base-captures-central-town-2021-08-24/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909152824/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/al-shabaab-attacks-somali-military-base-captures-central-town-2021-08-24/ |archive-date=September 9, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-09 |work=Reuters}} It had also expanded its operations in Puntland.Horton, Michael (2017-03-10). "Al-Shabaab: Why Somalia's al-Qaeda Affiliate Wants Puntland". ''Jamestown''. [[Jamestown Foundation]] Briefing. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-10.Felbab-Brown, Vanda (2017-06-19). "Puntland's problems". Brookings Institution. Archivedfrom the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-10. The [[Salafi jihadist]] organization [[Islamic State – Somalia Province]] (IS–SP) challenged al-Shabaab and its Islamic Wilayah.Global Interagency Security Forum (2016-03-23). "The Resurgence of al-Shabaab in Somalia and Implications for the Humanitarian Sector". Global Interagency Security Forum Briefing. Archived from the original on October 28, 2018. Retrieved 2022-09-09. On 20 July 2022, [[2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia|al-Shabaab launched an invasion]] into Ethiopia with the motives of setting up a base in the [[Somali Region]].{{cite web |author1=Caleb Weiss |author2=Ryan O'Farrell |date=25 July 2022 |title=Analysis: Shabaab's multi-day incursion into Ethiopia |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2022/07/analysis-shabaabs-multi-day-incursion-into-ethiopia.php |access-date=30 July 2022 |work=Long War Journal}}In 2016, Al-Shabaab remained weakened by the military campaign against it.[[Seth G. Jones|Jones, Seth G.]]; Liepman, Andrew; Chandler, Nathan (2016-09-13). "Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency in Somalia: Assessing the Campaign Against Al-Shabaab". Report of the [[Rand Corporation]]. Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9,2022. An [[American military intervention in Somalia (2007–present)|American drone strike]] killed Godane on September 1, 2014,{{Cite web |last=Martinez |first=Michael |date=2014-09-05 |title=Top Somali militant killed in U.S. operation, Pentagon says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/09/05/world/africa/somali-militant-killed/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909130242/https://www.cnn.com/2014/09/05/world/africa/somali-militant-killed/index.html |archive-date=September 9, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=CNN}} and he was succeeded by [[Ahmed Diriye]].{{Cite news |date=2014-09-06 |title=Al-Shabab names new leader after Godane death in US strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29093200 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909130242/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29093200 |archive-date=September 9, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-09 |work=BBC News}} The group reverted to its Somali nationalism.Petrich, Katharine (2022). "Cows, Charcoal, and Cocaine: Al-Shabaab's Criminal Activities in the Horn of Africa". ''Studies in Conflict & Terrorism''. '''45''' (5–6): 479–500. {{doi|10.1080/1057610X.2019.1678873}}. {{ISSN|1057-610X}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 208835514. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022. Al-Shabaab won more military operations against the government.{{Cite news |last= |date=2021-08-24 |title=Al Shabaab attacks Somali military base, recaptures central town |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/al-shabaab-attacks-somali-military-base-captures-central-town-2021-08-24/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909152824/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/al-shabaab-attacks-somali-military-base-captures-central-town-2021-08-24/ |archive-date=September 9, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-09 |work=Reuters}} It had also expanded its operations in Puntland.Horton, Michael (2017-03-10). "Al-Shabaab: Why Somalia's al-Qaeda Affiliate Wants Puntland". ''Jamestown''. [[Jamestown Foundation]] Briefing. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-10.Felbab-Brown, Vanda (2017-06-19). "Puntland's problems". Brookings Institution. Archivedfrom the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-10. The [[Salafi jihadist]] organization [[Islamic State – Somalia Province]] (IS–SP) challenged Al-Shabaab and its Islamic Wilayah.Global Interagency Security Forum (2016-03-23). "The Resurgence of Al-Shabaab in Somalia and Implications for the Humanitarian Sector". Global Interagency Security Forum Briefing. Archived from the original on October 28, 2018. Retrieved 2022-09-09. On 20 July 2022, [[2022 Al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia|Al-Shabaab launched an invasion]] into Ethiopia with the motives of setting up a base in the [[Somali Region]].{{cite web |author1=Caleb Weiss |author2=Ryan O'Farrell |date=25 July 2022 |title=Analysis: Shabaab's multi-day incursion into Ethiopia |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2022/07/analysis-shabaabs-multi-day-incursion-into-ethiopia.php |access-date=30 July 2022 |work=Long War Journal}} == Governance ==== Governance == The group is led by an executive Tanfid Council of 7-14 members. It operates several internal departments known as ''makhtab'', including ''Jabhat'' (military), ''Sanaaca'' (explosives), ''Da'wa'' (preaching), ''[[Zakat]]'' (taxation), [[Wilayah|Islamic ''Wilayah'']] (local administration), ''Garsoor'' (Islamic courts), ''[[Amniyat]]'' ([[Intelligence agency|intelligence]] agency) and ''Jaysh al-Hisbah'' (police force).{{Sfn|Harrington|2021}}{{Cite book |last1=Maruf |first1=Harun |title=Inside Al-Shabaab: The Secret History of Al-Qaeda's Most Powerful Ally |last2=Joseph |first2=Dan |date=2018 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-03748-0 |jstor=j.ctv6mtfn2}} The organization appoints governors (''waali''), of whom there are ten, who oversee all civil services in Al-Shabaab-controlled areas, including welfare and roads.{{Cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=Dan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aBxDwAAQBAJ&dq=al+shabaab+wilayat&pg=PA93 |title=Inside Al-Shabaab: The Secret History of Al-Qaeda's Most Powerful Ally |last2=Maruf |first2=Harun |date=2018-10-01 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-03751-0 |language=en}}The group is led by an executive Tanfid Council of 7-14 members. It operates several internal departments known as ''makhtab'', including ''Jabhat'' (military), ''Sanaaca'' (explosives), ''Da'wa'' (preaching), ''[[Zakat]]'' (taxation), [[Wilayah|Islamic ''Wilayah'']] (local administration), ''Garsoor'' (Islamic courts), ''[[Amniyat]]'' ([[Intelligence agency|intelligence]] agency) and ''Jaysh al-Hisbah'' (police force).{{Sfn|Harrington|2021}}{{Cite book |last1=Maruf |first1=Harun |title=Inside Al-Shabaab: The Secret History of Al-Qaeda's Most Powerful Ally |last2=Joseph |first2=Dan |date=2018 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-03748-0 |jstor=j.ctv6mtfn2}} The organization appoints governors (''waali''), of whom there are ten, who oversee all civil services in Al-Shabaab-controlled areas, including welfare and roads.{{Cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=Dan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aBxDwAAQBAJ&dq=al+shabaab+wilayat&pg=PA93 |title=Inside Al-Shabaab: The Secret History of Al-Qaeda's Most Powerful Ally |last2=Maruf |first2=Harun |date=2018-10-01 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-03751-0 |language=en}} In the Islamic Wilayat of Somalia, al-Shabaab implemented strict Sharia, with [[dispute resolution]] through Sharia-based courts, which were sometimes seen as better than those in government-held territories. Some Somalis travelled to their territory just for its dispute resolution system. Al-Shabaab claimed some credit for Somalia's [[crop yield]] in early 2010, stating that [[Agriculture in Somalia|Somali grain production]] had flourished due to al-Shabaab's reduction of food imports, and that the policy had [[Redistribution of income and wealth|redistributed income]] to poor, rural Somali farmers.Skjelderup, Michael (2020). "Jihadi Governance and Traditional Authority Structures: al-Shabaab and Clan Elders in Southern Somalia, 2008–2012". ''Small Wars & Insurgencies''. '''31''' (6): 1174–1195. {{doi|10.1080/09592318.2020.1780686}}. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:11250/2823605. {{ISSN|0959-2318}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 221158513{{Cite web |title=Shabab credit for Somali food boom |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/3/24/shabab-credit-for-somali-food-boom |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} Its media also included [[Shahada News Agency]] and [[Radio al-Andalus]]. The group also committed [[human rights]] abuses in its territories, including through a strict interpretation and application of Islamic jurisprudence on [[hudud]].Skjelderup, Michael (2014). "Hudūd Punishments in the Forefront: Application of Islamic Criminal Law by Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen". ''Journal of Law and Religion''. '''29''' (2): 317–329. {{doi|10.1017/jlr.2014.11}}. {{ISSN|0748-0814}}. {{JSTOR|24739145}}. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 11, 2022.In the Islamic Wilayat of Somalia, Al-Shabaab implemented strict Sharia, with [[dispute resolution]] through Sharia-based courts, which were sometimes seen as better than those in government-held territories. Some Somalis travelled to their territory just for its dispute resolution system. Al-Shabaab claimed some credit for Somalia's [[crop yield]] in early 2010, stating that [[Agriculture in Somalia|Somali grain production]] had flourished due to Al-Shabaab's reduction of food imports, and that the policy had [[Redistribution of income and wealth|redistributed income]] to poor, rural Somali farmers.Skjelderup, Michael (2020). "Jihadi Governance and Traditional Authority Structures: Al-Shabaab and Clan Elders in Southern Somalia, 2008–2012". ''Small Wars & Insurgencies''. '''31''' (6): 1174–1195. {{doi|10.1080/09592318.2020.1780686}}. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:11250/2823605. {{ISSN|0959-2318}}. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 221158513{{Cite web |title=Shabab credit for Somali food boom |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/3/24/shabab-credit-for-somali-food-boom |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} Its media also included [[Shahada News Agency]] and [[Radio al-Andalus]]. The group also committed [[human rights]] abuses in its territories, including through a strict interpretation and application of Islamic jurisprudence on [[hudud]].Skjelderup, Michael (2014). "Hudūd Punishments in the Forefront: Application of Islamic Criminal Law by Harakat Al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen". ''Journal of Law and Religion''. '''29''' (2): 317–329. {{doi|10.1017/jlr.2014.11}}. {{ISSN|0748-0814}}. {{JSTOR|24739145}}. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 11, 2022. ===Emirs======Emirs=== Line 78:Line 78: • {{Cite web |last=Bryden |first=Matt |date=2014 |title=The Reinvention of Al-Shabaab: A Strategy of Choice or Necessity? |url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/csis/0030671/f_0030671_24810.pdf |publisher=Report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=September 8, 2022 |archive-date=September 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908225751/https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/csis/0030671/f_0030671_24810.pdf |url-status=live }}* {{Cite web |last=Bryden |first=Matt |date=2014 |title=The Reinvention of Al-Shabaab: A Strategy of Choice or Necessity? |url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/csis/0030671/f_0030671_24810.pdf |publisher=Report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=September 8, 2022 |archive-date=September 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908225751/https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/csis/0030671/f_0030671_24810.pdf |url-status=live }} • {{Cite journal |last=International Crisis Group |date=2022-06-21 |title=Considering Political Engagement with Al-Shabaab in Somalia |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/309-considering-political-engagement-al-shabaab-somalia |access-date=2022-09-09 |journal=Africa Report |volume=309 |language=en |archive-date=September 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912012157/https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/309-considering-political-engagement-al-shabaab-somalia |url-status=live }}* {{Cite journal |last=International Crisis Group |date=2022-06-21 |title=Considering Political Engagement with Al-Shabaab in Somalia |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/309-considering-political-engagement-al-shabaab-somalia |access-date=2022-09-09 |journal=Africa Report |volume=309 |language=en |archive-date=September 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912012157/https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/309-considering-political-engagement-al-shabaab-somalia |url-status=live }} • {{Cite journal |last=Skjelderup |first=Michael |date=2020 |title=Jihadi Governance and Traditional Authority Structures: al-Shabaab and Clan Elders in Southern Somalia, 2008–2012 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |language=en |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=1174–1195 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2020.1780686 |s2cid=221158513 |issn=0959-2318|doi-access=free |hdl=11250/2823605 |hdl-access=free }}* {{Cite journal |last=Skjelderup |first=Michael |date=2020 |title=Jihadi Governance and Traditional Authority Structures: Al-Shabaab and Clan Elders in Southern Somalia, 2008–2012 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |language=en |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=1174–1195 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2020.1780686 |s2cid=221158513 |issn=0959-2318|doi-access=free |hdl=11250/2823605 |hdl-access=free }} • {{Cite web |last=Marchal |first=Roland |date=March 2011 |title=The rise of a Jihadi movement in a country at war: Harkat al-Shabaab al Mujaheddin in Somalia |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514085525/https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2014 |website=SciencesPo |page=12}}* {{Cite web |last=Marchal |first=Roland |date=March 2011 |title=The rise of a Jihadi movement in a country at war: Harkat Al-Shabaab al Mujaheddin in Somalia |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514085525/https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2014 |website=SciencesPo |page=12}} • {{Cite web |date=2010-04-19 |last=Human Rights Watch |author-link=Human Rights Watch |title=Harsh War, Harsh Peace: Abuses by al-Shabaab, the Transitional Federal Government, and AMISOM in Somalia |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/04/19/harsh-war-harsh-peace/abuses-al-shabaab-transitional-federal-government-and |publisher=Human Rights Watch Report |language=en |access-date=2022-09-11 |archive-date=September 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911121142/https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/04/19/harsh-war-harsh-peace/abuses-al-shabaab-transitional-federal-government-and |url-status=live }}* {{Cite web |date=2010-04-19 |last=Human Rights Watch |author-link=Human Rights Watch |title=Harsh War, Harsh Peace: Abuses by Al-Shabaab, the Transitional Federal Government, and AMISOM in Somalia |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/04/19/harsh-war-harsh-peace/abuses-al-shabaab-transitional-federal-government-and |publisher=Human Rights Watch Report |language=en |access-date=2022-09-11 |archive-date=September 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911121142/https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/04/19/harsh-war-harsh-peace/abuses-al-shabaab-transitional-federal-government-and |url-status=live }} • {{Cite journal |last1=Vidino |first1=Lorenzo |author-link=Lorenzo G. Vidino |last2=Pantucci |first2=Raffaello |last3=Kohlmann |first3=Evan |author-link3=Evan Kohlmann |date=2010 |title=Bringing Global Jihad to the Horn of Africa: al Shabaab, Western Fighters, and the Sacralization of the Somali Conflict |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2010.533071 |journal=African Security |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=216–238 |doi=10.1080/19392206.2010.533071 |s2cid=144501155 |issn=1939-2206 |access-date=September 8, 2022 |archive-date=January 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105203639/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19392206.2010.533071 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}* {{Cite journal |last1=Vidino |first1=Lorenzo |author-link=Lorenzo G. Vidino |last2=Pantucci |first2=Raffaello |last3=Kohlmann |first3=Evan |author-link3=Evan Kohlmann |date=2010 |title=Bringing Global Jihad to the Horn of Africa: al Shabaab, Western Fighters, and the Sacralization of the Somali Conflict |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2010.533071 |journal=African Security |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=216–238 |doi=10.1080/19392206.2010.533071 |s2cid=144501155 |issn=1939-2206 |access-date=September 8, 2022 |archive-date=January 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105203639/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19392206.2010.533071 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} • {{Cite journal |last=Petrich |first=Katharine |date=2022 |title=Cows, Charcoal, and Cocaine: Al-Shabaab's Criminal Activities in the Horn of Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2019.1678873 |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |language=en |volume=45 |issue=5–6 |pages=479–500 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2019.1678873 |s2cid=208835514 |issn=1057-610X |access-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910141504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2019.1678873 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}* {{Cite journal |last=Petrich |first=Katharine |date=2022 |title=Cows, Charcoal, and Cocaine: Al-Shabaab's Criminal Activities in the Horn of Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2019.1678873 |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |language=en |volume=45 |issue=5–6 |pages=479–500 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2019.1678873 |s2cid=208835514 |issn=1057-610X |access-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910141504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2019.1678873 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} • {{Cite journal |last=Schaefer |first=Alan |date=2011 |title=Clan and Conflict in Somalia: Al-Shabaab and the Myth of 'Transcending Clan Politics' |url=https://jamestown.org/program/clan-and-conflict-in-somalia-al-shabaab-and-the-myth-of-transcending-clan-politics/ |journal=Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor |volume=9 |issue=40 |access-date=September 9, 2022 |archive-date=September 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909161900/https://jamestown.org/program/clan-and-conflict-in-somalia-al-shabaab-and-the-myth-of-transcending-clan-politics/ |url-status=live }}* {{Cite journal |last=Schaefer |first=Alan |date=2011 |title=Clan and Conflict in Somalia: Al-Shabaab and the Myth of 'Transcending Clan Politics' |url=https://jamestown.org/program/clan-and-conflict-in-somalia-al-shabaab-and-the-myth-of-transcending-clan-politics/ |journal=Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor |volume=9 |issue=40 |access-date=September 9, 2022 |archive-date=September 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909161900/https://jamestown.org/program/clan-and-conflict-in-somalia-al-shabaab-and-the-myth-of-transcending-clan-politics/ |url-status=live }} • {{Cite web |last=Felbab-Brown |first=Vanda |date=2017-06-19 |title=Puntland's problems |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/06/19/puntlands-problems/ |access-date=2022-09-10 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910141509/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/06/19/puntlands-problems/ |url-status=live }}* {{Cite web |last=Felbab-Brown |first=Vanda |date=2017-06-19 |title=Puntland's problems |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/06/19/puntlands-problems/ |access-date=2022-09-10 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910141509/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/06/19/puntlands-problems/ |url-status=live }} • {{Cite web |last=Global Interagency Security Forum |date=2016-03-23 |title=The Resurgence of al-Shabaab in Somalia and Implications for the Humanitarian Sector |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/resurgence-al-shabaab-somalia-and-implications-humanitarian-sector |access-date=2022-09-09 |publisher=Global Interagency Security Forum Briefing |language=en |archive-date=October 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033635/https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/resurgence-al-shabaab-somalia-and-implications-humanitarian-sector |url-status=live }}* {{Cite web |last=Global Interagency Security Forum |date=2016-03-23 |title=The Resurgence of Al-Shabaab in Somalia and Implications for the Humanitarian Sector |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/resurgence-al-shabaab-somalia-and-implications-humanitarian-sector |access-date=2022-09-09 |publisher=Global Interagency Security Forum Briefing |language=en |archive-date=October 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033635/https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/resurgence-al-shabaab-somalia-and-implications-humanitarian-sector |url-status=live }} {{refend}}{{refend}} • Latest revision as of 02:03, 5 July 2026 The Islamic Wilayat of Somalia,[[c]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-11)[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-12) also called the Islamic Emirate of Somalia,[[10]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-13) is an unrecognized state (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state) under the control and governance of Al-Shabaab (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)), which declared its territory as a collection of Islamic provinces in 2008. Al-Shabaab aims to control Somalia and govern the country by imposing a strict interpretation of the Wahhabi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism) ideology,[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-14) although its government remains unrecognized (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition). The de facto capital has been Jilib (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilib) since 2014. The borders of the Islamic Wilayat of Somalia underwent drastic changes throughout the Somali Civil War (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War). Al-Shabaab had its origins in the Islamic Courts Union (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union), an umbrella group which governed much of Somalia until the Ethiopian invasion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)) in December 2006.[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-15)[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:0-16)[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:1-17) In 2007–08, Al-Shabaab was established as an independent group, gaining much support after branding itself the Somali resistance against the Ethiopian occupation.[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:0-16)[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:1-17) Al-Shabaab fused Somali nationalism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_nationalism) with jihadism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadism). It was also pan-Islamist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Islamism), linking the grievances of Somalia with those of the entire Muslim world.[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-18)[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:2-19) The ideology of Al-Shabaab represented the fusion of the Salafi Jihadist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_jihadism) trend in Somalia, which collaborated with the Takfir wal-Hijra (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takfir_wal-Hijra) group, with the hardline elements of Wahhabi groups in Somalia.[[17]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-20) Wahhabi group Jama'at al-I'tisam (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama'at_al-I'tisam) supported the setting up of early al-Shabab training camps, and its most hardcore faction merged into Al-Shabaab in late 2004.[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-21) However, some of the more nationalist factions of Al-Shabaab rejected pan-Islamism and only wanted Somalia under Islamic rule.[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-22)[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-counterterrorism2-23) Much of Al-Shabaab was staunchly nationalist, and aimed to expand across all of Greater Somalia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Somalia).[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-24)[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-25)[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:2-19) After the collapse of the Islamic Courts Union in 2007, Al-Shabaab launched its own insurgency.[[23]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-26) Although focused solely on Somalia, Al-Shabaab attracted some foreign jihadists. The vast majority of the foreign jihadists were Somali diaspora (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_diaspora). The rest included volunteers from East Africa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa), the Middle East (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East), and the West (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West).[[24]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:52-27) High ranking foreign fighters included Fuad Qalaf Shongole (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuad_Qalaf), a Swedish Somali;[[25]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-ASWGTJWAG-28)Jehad Mostafa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehad_Mostafa), a Kurdish American;[[26]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-29)Omar Shafik Hammami (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mansoor_Al-Amriki), a Syrian American;[[27]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-Rajkr-30) and Mujahid Miski (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahid_Miski), a Somali American.[[28]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-31) During the Ethiopian military occupation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)), many Somalis saw Al-Shabaab as a genuine national resistance movement, while Al-Shabaab further capitalized on its nationalist ideology.[[29]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:302-32)[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:272-33) On 13 November 2008, Al-Shabaab rapidly expanded and governed territory for the first time.[[31]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:292-34)[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:272-33) The group also established networks and territorial bases concentrated in the rural south-central regions.[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:272-33) The African Union (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) reported Al-Shabaab was about 2,000 fighters strong during 2008.[[32]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:23-35) In September 2008, Al-Shabaab announced its establishment of a government administration in Kismayo, and planned to declare the Islamic Emirate of Somalia. However, it was not declared. The group claimed that administrative positions would be divided between Al-Shabaab, surviving ICU members, and clan leaders. However, various clan elders and ICU commanders complained that they were left out of the negotiations. In January 2009, the ARS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Re-liberation_of_Somalia) joined the TFG (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia), with Sharif Sheikh Ahmed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed) emerging as the new president of the TFG. Al-Shabaab began to attack the ARS for joining the TFG. The Somali government had lost almost all of the territory recovered by the TFG in 2007.[[33]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-36) Ahmed Godane (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Abdi_Godane) was announced the emir of Al-Shabaab in 2008. He pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden) and took a pan-Islamist approach, unlike the Somali nationalists in Al-Shabaab.[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:272-33) After the Ethiopian withdrawal in January 2009, the public support that Al-Shabaab had previously enjoyed as a resistance faction had significantly diminished.[[29]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:302-32) After Al-Shabaab allied with al-Qaeda (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda), Anwar al-Awlaki (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki) encouraged jihadists to migrate to Somalia in support of Al-Shabaab. Osama bin Laden also released a statement in support of Al-Shabaab in Somalia. Al-Shabaab significantly grew in power and size.[[34]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-37) By 2009–10, Al-Shabaab controlled most of central and southern Somalia, and it had formed administrative structures to govern territories under its control.[[35]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:3-38)[[36]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:4-39)[[37]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:5-40) During the Battle of Mogadishu (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2010%E2%80%932011)), Al-Shabaab suffered heavy losses.[[35]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:3-38) By August 2011, Al-Shabaab withdrew from Mogadishu (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu), although it continues to influence the city and launch attacks from nearby cities.[[36]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:4-39) In October and November 2011, local groups with the support of Kenya and Ethiopia launched offensives against Al-Shabaab, with Kenya approaching from the south and Ethiopia approaching from the west. Al-Shabaab lost territory to both armies, notably losing Baidoa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidoa) to Ethiopia in February 2012 and losing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2012))Kismayo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismayo) to Kenya in October 2012.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-41)[[36]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:4-39) Under Godane, Al-Shabaab's stated goals expanded to include controlling Somalia for itself and governing the country by enforcing a strict interpretation of the Wahhabi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism) ideology.[[39]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-42) The authoritarian style of Al-Shabaab's governance and its use of indiscriminate violence during Godane's tenure caused the group to lose support among the vast majority of Somalis.[[35]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:3-38) In 2013, the internal disagreements led to internecine violence as Godane purged his critics.[[37]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:5-40) The Pan-Islamist, pro-Al-Qaeda faction of Godane clashed with more nationalist factions.[[40]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-43) Al-Shabaab took significant damage in 2013. Following its territorial losses, Al-Shabaab reverted to asymmetric warfare (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare) and guerrilla attacks.[[35]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:3-38)[[36]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:4-39) While the group no longer had governmental and military authority over substantial territory, it retained a sporadic presence, and therefore significant influence, in many places.[[41]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:152-44)[[42]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-45) In 2016, Al-Shabaab remained weakened by the military campaign against it.[[41]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:152-44)[[43]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-46) An American drone strike (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_military_intervention_in_Somalia_(2007%E2%80%93present)) killed Godane on September 1, 2014,[[44]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-47) and he was succeeded by Ahmed Diriye (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Diriye).[[45]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-48) The group reverted to its Somali nationalism.[[46]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-49) Al-Shabaab won more military operations against the government.[[47]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-50) It had also expanded its operations in Puntland.[[48]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-51)[[49]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-52) The Salafi jihadist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_jihadist) organization Islamic State – Somalia Province (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Somalia_Province) (IS–SP) challenged Al-Shabaab and its Islamic Wilayah.[[50]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-53) On 20 July 2022, Al-Shabaab launched an invasion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Al-Shabaab_invasion_of_Ethiopia?action=edit&redlink=1) into Ethiopia with the motives of setting up a base in the Somali Region (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region).[[51]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-lwj12-54) The group is led by an executive Tanfid Council of 7-14 members. It operates several internal departments known as makhtab, including Jabhat (military), Sanaaca (explosives), Da'wa (preaching), Zakat (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakat) (taxation), Islamic Wilayah (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah) (local administration), Garsoor (Islamic courts), Amniyat (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniyat?action=edit&redlink=1) (intelligence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_agency) agency) and Jaysh al-Hisbah (police force).[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2021-55)[[53]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-56) The organization appoints governors (waali), of whom there are ten, who oversee all civil services in Al-Shabaab-controlled areas, including welfare and roads.[[54]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-57) In the Islamic Wilayat of Somalia, Al-Shabaab implemented strict Sharia, with dispute resolution (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_resolution) through Sharia-based courts, which were sometimes seen as better than those in government-held territories. Some Somalis travelled to their territory just for its dispute resolution system. Al-Shabaab claimed some credit for Somalia's crop yield (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_yield) in early 2010, stating that Somali grain production (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Somalia) had flourished due to Al-Shabaab's reduction of food imports, and that the policy had redistributed income (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth) to poor, rural Somali farmers.[[55]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-58)[[56]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-59) Its media also included Shahada News Agency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada_News_Agency) and Radio al-Andalus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_al-Andalus). The group also committed human rights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights) abuses in its territories, including through a strict interpretation and application of Islamic jurisprudence on hudud (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudud).[[57]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-60) • Ahmed Diriye (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Diriye) (2014–present)[[58]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-Segnnl-61) • Ahmed Godane (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Abdi_Godane) (2008–2014)[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-:272-33)[[59]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-62) • Aden Ayro (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Ayro) (2006–2008) 1. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-3)Al-Shabaab uses an inverted flag for its government (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government) and a black flag with white inscriptions as its war flag (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_flag).[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-1)[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_note-2) 2. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-4)Kismayo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismayo) (2008–2012) Barawe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barawe) (2012–2014) 3. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-11)Somali (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language): Wilaayaatka Islaamiga Soomaaliya; Arabic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language): ولايات الصومال الإسلامية 1. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-1)"Stop Mixing Up Islamic Flags: A Guide for Lazy Journalists" (https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/12/islamic-isis-flags-black-banners-hamas/). Mother Jones. December 16, 2014. 2. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-2)"Al-Shabab Spokesman Addresses Hundreds In Graduation Ceremony" (https://www.memri.org/jttm/al-shabab-graduation-ceremony-hundreds-fighters-including-suicide-battalion-spokesman-vows). MEMRI. September 20, 2022. 3. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-5)Ahmed, Ranya (2020). How Ideology Influences Terror. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p.64. ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))978-1-5275-5754-3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-5754-3). 4. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-6)https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/HTML/IF10170.web.html 5. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-7)https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/al-shabaab-proto-state-replacing-state-30364 6. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-8)https://www.dni.gov/nctc/groups/al_shabaab.html 7. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-9)https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/somalias-high-stakes-power-struggle 8. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-10)https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/africa-july-dec06-somalia_07-20 9. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-12)https://somalilandsun.com/shabaab2/ 10. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-13)Lia, Brynjar (August 2015). "Understanding Jihadi Proto-States" (https://web.archive.org/web/20231207152232/https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2015/volume-4/4-understanding-jihadi-proto-states-by-brynjar-lia.pdf)(PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (4). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))2334-3745 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2334-3745). Archived from the original (https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2015/volume-4/4-understanding-jihadi-proto-states-by-brynjar-lia.pdf)(PDF) on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-03. 11. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-14)Ahmed, Ranya (2020). How Ideology Influences Terror. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p.64. ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))978-1-5275-5754-3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-5754-3). 12. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-15)Cocodia, Jude (2021-04-03). "Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026). African Security. 14 (2): 110–131. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19392206.2021.1922026). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))1939-2206 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-2206). 13. Jump up to: 1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:0_16-0)2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:0_16-1)International Crisis Group. "Considering Political Engagement with Al-Shabaab in Somalia". Africa Report. 309. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-09. 14. Jump up to: 1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:1_17-0)2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:1_17-1)"The Domestication of Al-Shabaab". The Journal of the Middle East and Africa. 10 (3): 279–305. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1080/21520844.2019.1658986 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21520844.2019.1658986). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))2152-0844 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2152-0844). S2CID (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 211466646. Bacon, Trisha. Muibu, Daisy. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2022. 15. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-18)"The Evolution of East African Salafi-jihadism". Barnett, James (2020-05-28). Report of the Hudson Institute (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Institute). Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-09. 16. Jump up to: 1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:2_19-0)2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:2_19-1)Vidino, Lorenzo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_G._Vidino); Pantucci, Raffaello; Kohlmann, Evan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Kohlmann) (2010). "Bringing Global Jihad to the Horn of Africa: al Shabaab, Western Fighters, and the Sacralization of the Somali Conflict". African Security. 3 (4): 216–238. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1080/19392206.2010.533071 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19392206.2010.533071). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))1939-2206 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-2206). S2CID (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 144501155. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2022. 17. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-20)Marchal, Roland (March 2011). "The rise of a Jihadi movement in a country at war: Harkat Al-Shabaab al Mujaheddin in Somalia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140514085525/https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf)(PDF). SciencesPo. pp.12, 13. Archived from the original (https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf)(PDF) on 14 May 2014. 18. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-21)Marchal, Roland (March 2011). "The rise of a Jihadi movement in a country at war: Harkat Al-Shabaab al Mujaheddin in Somalia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140514085525/https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf)(PDF). SciencesPo. pp.13, 15. Archived from the original (https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf)(PDF) on 14 May 2014. 19. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-22)Schaefer, Alan (2011). "Clan and Conflict in Somalia: Al-Shabaab and the Myth of 'Transcending Clan Politics'". Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor. 9 (40). Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022. 20. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-counterterrorism2_23-0)Senate Hearing 111–678: Violent Islamic Extremism—2009 (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111shrg49640/html/CHRG-111shrg49640.htm)Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201109060737/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111shrg49640/html/CHRG-111shrg49640.htm) November 9, 2020, at the Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine). Hearing of the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs). U.S. Government Printing Office. 2009. 21. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-24)Solomon, Hussein (2014). "Somalia's Al-Shabaab: Clans vs Islamist nationalism". South African Journal of International Affairs. 21 (3): 351–366. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1080/10220461.2014.967286 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10220461.2014.967286). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))1022-0461 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1022-0461). S2CID (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 153592166. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2022. 22. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-25)Petrich, Katharine (2022). "Cows, Charcoal, and Cocaine: Al-Shabaab's Criminal Activities in the Horn of Africa". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 45 (5–6): 479–500. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1080/1057610X.2019.1678873 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2019.1678873). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))1057-610X (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1057-610X). S2CID (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 208835514. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022. 23. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-26)Allen, William; Gakuo Mwangi, Oscar (25 March 2021). "Al-Shabaab". Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African History (https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155041/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-785;jsessionid=8BDD05A94FB4CB9BB15D9428A61BB66C?rskey=cj1t0b&result=1). doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.785 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.013.785). ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))978-0-19-027773-4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4). Archived from the original (https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-785) on 29 December 2022. 24. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:52_27-0)Doctor, Austin C. (2020-08-18). "The Looming Influx of Foreign Fighters in Sub-Saharan Africa" (https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/the-looming-influx-of-foreign-fighters-in-sub-saharan-africa/). War on the Rocks. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220908225748/https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/the-looming-influx-of-foreign-fighters-in-sub-saharan-africa/) from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-08. 25. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-ASWGTJWAG_28-0)Khalif, Abdulkadir (2012-02-22). "Al-Shabaab Wants Girls to Join Warfront Against Govt" (http://allafrica.com/stories/201202220071.html). allAfrica. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120226185357/http://allafrica.com/stories/201202220071.html) from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved 2022-09-12. 26. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-29)McKay, Hollie (2020-01-08). "Who is the FBI's most wanted American terrorist? Meet Jehad Serwan Mostafa" (https://www.foxnews.com/world/who-is-the-fbis-most-wanted-american-terrorist-meet-jehad-serwan-mostafa). Fox News. Retrieved 2025-02-26. 27. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-Rajkr_30-0)"Rapping American jihadi killed: reports" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131231034815/http://www.smh.com.au/world/rapping-american-jihadi-killed-reports-20130912-2tnsd.html). Sydney Morning Herald. 12 September 2013. Archived from the original (https://www.smh.com.au/world/rapping-american-jihadi-killed-reports-20130912-2tnsd.html) on December 31, 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013. 28. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-31)Ibrahim, Mukhtar M. (2015-12-07). "Minn. al-Shabab fighter surrenders in Somalia" (https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/12/07/mohamed-abdullahi-hassan). MPR News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220910141504/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/12/07/mohamed-abdullahi-hassan) from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-10. 29. Jump up to: 1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:302_32-0)2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:302_32-1)Hassan, Abdulahi (March 2008). "Inside Look at the Fighting Between Al-Shabab and Ahlu-Sunna wal-Jama" (https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Vol2Iss3-Art2.pdf)(PDF). CTC Sentinel. 2 (3). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231227063346/https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Vol2Iss3-Art2.pdf)(PDF) from the original on December 27, 2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023. 30. Jump up to: 1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:272_33-0)2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:272_33-1)3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:272_33-2)4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:272_33-3)5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:272_33-4)Mueller, Jason C. (2018-01-02). "The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213). Terrorism and Political Violence. 30 (1): 116–141. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546553.2016.1165213). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))0954-6553 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-6553). S2CID (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier))148494845 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148494845). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240105203629/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213) from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved December 28, 2023. 31. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:292_34-0)Cook, Joana; Maher, Shiraz, eds. (2023). The Rule Is For None But Allah (https://books.google.com/books?id=D97AEAAAQBAJ). Oxford University Press (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press). p.111. ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))978-0-19-769039-0 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-769039-0). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231228054306/https://books.google.com/books?id=D97AEAAAQBAJ) from the original on December 28, 2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023. 32. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:23_35-0)Hummel, Kristina (2024-04-30). "The Somali National Army Versus Al-Shabaab: A Net Assessment" (https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-somali-national-army-versus-al-shabaab-a-net-assessment/). _Combating Terrorism Center at West Point (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center_at_West\Point). Retrieved 2024-06-30. 33. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-36)"Al-Shabaab and Boko Haram: Guerrilla Insurgency Or Strategic Terrorism?", John Maszka, 2017, pp. 76. ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))9781786344007 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786344007) 34. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-37)After Bin Laden: Al Qaeda, the Next Generation, Abdel Bari Atwan, 2013, pp. 115-116, ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))9781595588999 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781595588999) 35. Jump up to: 1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:3_38-0)2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:3_38-1)3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:3_38-2)4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:3_38-3)Bacon, Tricia; Muibu, Daisy (2019b). "The Domestication of Al-Shabaab". The Journal of the Middle East and Africa. 10 (3): 279–305. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1080/21520844.2019.1658986 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21520844.2019.1658986). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))2152-0844 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2152-0844). S2CID (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 211466646. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2022. 36. Jump up to: 1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:4_39-0)2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:4_39-1)3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:4_39-2)4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:4_39-3)Anzalone, Christopher (2013). "Al-Shabab's Tactical and Media Strategies in the Wake of its Battlefield Setbacks". CTC Sentinel. 6 (3). Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022. 37. Jump up to: 1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:5_40-0)2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-:5_40-1)Bryden, Matt (2014). "The Reinvention of Al-Shabaab: A Strategy of Choice or Necessity?"(PDF). Report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022. 38. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-41)Will Ross (2012-02-22). "Somalia al-Shabab militant base of Baidoa captured" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17127353). BBC News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220909130242/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17127353) from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved 2012-08-04. 39. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-42)Ahmed, Ranya (2020). How Ideology Influences Terror. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p.64. ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))978-1-5275-5754-3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-5754-3). 40. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-43)Tisdall, Simon (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Tisdall?action=edit&redlink=1) (22 September 2013). "Kenya attack is product of brutal power struggle within Al-Shabaab" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/22/kenya-attack-power-struggle-al-shabaab). The Guardian. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170305021048/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/22/kenya-attack-power-struggle-al-shabaab) from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2013. 41. 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Small Wars & Insurgencies. 27 (5): 937–957. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1080/09592318.2016.1208282 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2016.1208282). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))0959-2318 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-2318). S2CID (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 147834973. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 9, 2022. 43. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Wilayat_of_Somalia&diff=1362602928&oldid=1362430953#cite_ref-46)Jones, Seth G. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_G._Jones); Liepman, Andrew; Chandler, Nathan (2016-09-13). "Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency in Somalia: Assessing the Campaign Against Al-Shabaab". Report of the Rand Corporation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Corporation). Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. 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