User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox
•
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[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-russell-romantic-marriage-1)[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tallis-romanticism-2)[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-romanticism-3)[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-rougemont-tristan-4)[[5]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-sin-5)[[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tallis-courtezia-6)[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-brehm-greece-rome-7)[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-hayes-limerence-8)[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-9)[[10]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-sternberg-liking-loving-10)[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-aron-falling-11)[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-aron1996-12)[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-bolshakova-passionate-love-addiction-13)[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-cavalli-2025-14)[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-griffiths-can-love-15)[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-redcay-16)[[17]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-mullen1999-17)[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-bellamy-stalking-18)[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-19)[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-heresy-20)[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-fisher22-21)[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-77-pref-22)[[23]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-fisher-culture-23)[[24]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-conceptions-of-limerence-24)[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-fisher22-21)[[25]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-schultz2016-25)[[26]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-fisher2016-26)[[27]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-bringle-27)[[28]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-fisher-reject-28)[[29]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-aron2005-29)[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-refuting-30)[[31]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-bode-31)[[32]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-:22-32)[[33]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-co-opted-33)[[34]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-:31-34)[[35]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-:33-35)[[36]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-Hayes-36)
A[[note 1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-courtly-romantic-connect-38)[[note 2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-de-rougemont-history-42)
https://www.depts.ttu.edu/psy/about/newsletters/2007-Spring.pdf
Susan Hendrick
• *Susan Hendrick** is an American psychologist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist) and Horn Professor of Psychology at Texas Tech University (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_University).[[41]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-ttu-horn-43) Along with her husband, Clyde Hendrick (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Hendrick), she is known for developing the _Love Attitudes Scale (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Attitudes\Scale),[[42]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-abc1-44)[[43]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-abc2-45)[[44]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-fall-news-2022-46) an instrument commonly used in romantic love (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_love) research.[[45]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-bode-kowal-reporting-47)[[46]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-48)
Career
In 1986, together with her husband, Clyde Hendrick (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Hendrick), she developed the _Love Attitudes Scale (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Attitudes\Scale) (LAS).[[42]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-abc1-44)[[43]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-abc2-45)[[47]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-hendricks1986-49) Research using the LAS is an extension of the color wheel theory of love (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_wheel_theory_of_love) invented by John Alan Lee (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alan_Lee).[[47]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-hendricks1986-49)[[48]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-50) The LAS has since been translated into a dozen languages.[[43]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-abc2-45) The Hendricks were once called "the love doctors" in a Texas Tech Valentine's Day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day) advice column.[[49]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-51)
Colour wheel theory of love
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colour_Wheel_of_Love.jpeg
The colour wheel of love by John Alan Lee (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alan_Lee)[[50]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-52)[[51]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-53)
The colour wheel theory of love was developed by the sociologist John Alan Lee (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alan_Lee) to distinguish the different ways to love (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love) another person.[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-typology-54)[[53]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-77-definitions-55)[[54]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-lee-56) Lee's types, termed love styles,[[note 3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-58) comprise the basic patterns or similarities which emerged in an analysis of individual love stories.[[53]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-77-definitions-55)[[56]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-how-59)
The six most common love styles are summarised briefly by the researcher Elaine Hatfield (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Hatfield) as follows:[[57]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-hatfield-styles-60)
• Eros: love of beauty.
• Ludus: playful love.
• Storge: companionate love.
• Mania: obsessive love.
• Agape: altruistic love.
• Pragma: realistic love.
Lee's types were developed with modern scientific methods; the Greek (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek) and Latin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin) words were borrowed as labels.[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-typology-54)[[54]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-lee-56)[[56]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-how-59) Lee's original theory proposed twelve types (with even more being possible),[[53]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-77-definitions-55)[[58]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-73-number-61)[[note 4]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-63) although usually only the six most common are listed.[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-typology-54)[[54]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-lee-56)[[60]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-64)
Scientific measures
Love Story Card Sort
The Love Story Card Sort was a method for measuring love styles, developed by Lee himself for his initial research published in 1973.[[56]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-how-59)[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-typology-54)[[61]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lscs-73-65)
The card sort consists of about 1500 cards, each of which describes some event, idea or emotion possible in a love relationship.[[56]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-how-59)[[61]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lscs-73-65) The cards are then organized in sets, each with a question card and a list of possible answer cards, including a blank write-in.[[61]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lscs-73-65) Thus, using some features of both interview and questionnaire, a respondent is able to tell their own personal love story—happy or unhappy—with a very large total number of possible combinations.[[61]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lscs-73-65)[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-typology-54)
Lee used McBee card (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McBee_card) sorting techniques to reduce the card sort items to just 206 cards which seemed to be the most important factors for distinguishing the types of love in his sample, 32 of which seemed to be particularly significant.[[62]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-66)[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-typology-54) The following examples are mentioned by Lee as being among the most predictive:[[63]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-32-factors-67)[[note 5]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-68)
1. Respondent believed his childhood was happy compared to that of his peers.
2. He found his thoughts obsessively preoccupied with the beloved.
3. He felt strong approval of beloved's looks at first sight.
4. Sexual intercourse occurred very early in the relationship.
5. Respondent accepted partner's lack of intensity or holding back.
— John Alan Lee (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alan_Lee), Colours of Love: An Exploration of the Ways of Loving
Lee then used a Guttman scaling (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guttman_scale) technique to arrange the 112 pilot study respondents into clusters, which seemed to correspond to various love styles according to theoretical concerns. Some of these groups seemed to correspond to the love styles eros, ludus, storge and mania, as they were described in literature, while others seemed to be more transitional.[[64]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-69) However, these transitional groups (e.g. manic eros, manic ludus, storgic eros, and so on) could not be arranged along a single continuum, leading Lee to develop his triangular model of three primaries.[[65]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-70)
The factor analysis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_analysis) and Guttman scaling techniques used by Lee allowed him to draw up a profile of each love story as a type, along with its associated characteristics.[[63]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-32-factors-67)[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-typology-54)
Love Attitudes Scale
The Love Attitudes Scale (LAS) was created in the 1980s by Clyde Hendrick (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Hendrick) and Susan Hendrick, as an extension of Lee's research; however, the LAS uses rating scales (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rating_scale) in lieu of the more complicated design of the Love Story Card Sort.[[66]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-las-71)[[56]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-how-59)[[47]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-hendricks1986-49)[[67]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-las-2006-72) Answers on the LAS are given with Likert-type scales (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likert-type_scale), ranging from 1 for "strongly agree" to 5 for "strongly disagree".[[45]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-bode-kowal-reporting-47) The items on the LAS are divided into six subscales, which correspond to the six most common love styles.[[47]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-hendricks1986-49)[[67]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-las-2006-72)
Lee initially complained about the use of rating scales, which he believed were insufficient to measure love styles, although he eventually conceded this argument to the Hendricks and accepted the ubiquity of rating scales.[[68]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-rating-scales-73)
Properly speaking, rather than measuring love styles, the LAS measures love attitudes. A love style is a type, while a love attitude is a variable (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable(mathematics))_.[[66]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-las-71) The goal of the Hendricks was to transform Lee's types into six dimensions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension), measuring the "amount" of each love style for an individual, and forming the individual's profile when taken together. Love attitude measures can then be used for hypothesis testing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis_testing) with other variables such as attachment styles (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attachment_style) and personality traits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_trait).[[66]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-las-71)[[69]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-74)[[47]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-hendricks1986-49)
The Hendricks have originally specified an open question over what the LAS itself measures—for example, whether love styles are enduring personality traits, or only more transient attitudes. Lee believed one could carry out different love styles with different people, simultaneously even. The Hendricks speculate that love styles have both trait and state characteristics.[[47]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-hendricks1986-49) In 2006, the Hendricks construed love styles as "attitude/belief systems that include a variable emotional core, and possibly some linkage to personality traits".[[70]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-75)
Genetics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colour_Wheel_of_Love.jpeg
Love attitudes
Studies have investigated the contribution of genetics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics) to romantic love, using the Love Attitudes Scale (LAS).[[71]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-las-twins-76)[[72]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-las-genes-77) The LAS is an instrument designed to measure the six "love styles (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_styles)" created by John Alan Lee (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alan_Lee).[[66]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-las-71)[[73]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-hendricks-las-78) The concept of a love style is defined as a way to love another person, or a type of love story.[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-typology-54)[[66]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-las-71) Properly speaking then, the LAS measures love attitudes, which are variables (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)) taken to measure the "amount" of each love style in the profile of an individual.[[66]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-las-71)[[73]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-hendricks-las-78)
Elaine Hatfield (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Hatfield) has briefly summarized the six love styles this way:[[57]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-hatfield-styles-60)
• Eros: love of beauty.
• Ludus: playful love.
• Storge: companionate love.
• Mania: obsessive love.
• Agape: altruistic love.
• Pragma: realistic love.
In 2007, researchers from the University of Pavia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pavia) led by Enzo Emanuele (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Emanuele) investigated the relation between love attitudes and the dopamine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine) and serotonin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin) pathways, by examining the association with polymorphisms (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_polymorphism) in several neurotransmitter (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter) genes.[[72]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-las-genes-77) This study found that the eros love attitude was associated with the DRD2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRD2) (dopamine receptor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptor)) Taq1A genotypes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype). A trend was observed for higher scores on eros according to the number of A1 alleles (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele), which has previously been associated with lower DRD2 receptor density. Such a difference is hypothesized to result in a deficiency such that the reward is enhanced from pleasant experiences, consistent with some of the "addictive" features of eros, such as a need for daily contact and a desire for exclusivity. Additionally, the mania love attitude was associated with the 5HT2A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5HT2A) (serotonin receptor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_receptor)) C516T genotype, which has also been associated with obsessive–compulsive disorder (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder).[[72]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-las-genes-77)
In behavioral genetics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_genetics), one tool which is valuable for determining genetic influence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_influences) is the twin study (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_study),[[74]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-plomin-twins-79) which compares identical twins (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin) (monozygotic, who are genetically identical) and fraternal twins (dizygotic, who are only 50% genetically related, like other siblings (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibling)). The differences between the two types of twins are used to estimate how much of a given trait is heritable (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritability) (how much the individual differences in a group, i.e. variance (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance), can be accounted for by genetic differences between individuals), and how much is environmental. Environmental contribution is further split between shared environment (which makes family members more similar) and nonshared environment (which makes them different, but for mathematical reasons also includes measurement error).[[74]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-plomin-twins-79)
In 1994, a twin study co-authored by Phillip Shaver (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_R._Shaver) investigated genetic and environmental influences using the LAS.[[71]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-las-twins-76) This study found that individual differences in love attitudes are almost exclusively due to environmental influence, with genetic factors having very little influence for most love attitudes (from most-to-least heritable: mania, storge, pragma & eros), and even no influence at all for others (ludus & agape). The authors interpret the result as meaning that love styles may be influenced by one's childhood familial environment (for shared environment) and unique experiences with parents, peers, adolescent and adult lovers, and so on (for nonshared environment). Of these, the influence from the nonshared environment was larger than the shared environment.[[71]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-las-twins-76)
Romance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Bernard_Dicksee_-_Romeo_and_Juliet,_1884.jpg
_Romeo and Juliet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and\Juliet), by Frank Dicksee (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dicksee), considered to be the archetypal romantic couple, depicting the play's iconic balcony scene
• *Romance and romantic love** came to encompass a number of ideas about love (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love), which are interrelated for historical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical) and cultural (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural) reasons:[[75]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tallis-define-80)[[76]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-what-is-romantic-love-81)[[77]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-collins-romantic-82)[[note 6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-86)
• passionate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionate)feelings (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feelings) of attraction (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction)—a mental state of "being in love", with focused attention (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention) on a specific individual for courtship (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtship) or pair bonding (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_bonding);[[81]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-fisher4-87)[[82]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-fisher23-88)[[83]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-merriam-webster-romance-89)[[78]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-prox-ult-83)
• the cultural practice (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_practice) or idealization of initiating intimate relationships (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimate_relationships) for feelings like these, over more practical or ordinary concerns;[[76]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-what-is-romantic-love-81)[[84]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-90)[[77]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-collins-romantic-82)[[79]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-definition-84)
• a relationship or love affair (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_affair) initiated or maintained this way, which may be premarital (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premarital) or absent a commitment (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committed_relationship);[[85]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-91)[[86]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-sternberg-triangle-92)[[87]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-collins-romance-93)[[76]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-what-is-romantic-love-81)
• a love story involving these elements.[[87]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-collins-romance-93)[[83]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-merriam-webster-romance-89)[[86]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-sternberg-triangle-92)[[88]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-ah-romance-94)
In psychology (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology), romantic love is considered to be a motivation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation) or drive, which is distinct from (but related to) the concept of attachment (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attachment_theory).[[89]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-NYT-20240213dgs-95)[[82]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-fisher23-88)[[33]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-co-opted-33)
The terms "romance" and "romantic love" are used with multiple definitions, which can be contradictory at times.[[76]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-what-is-romantic-love-81)[[90]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-96)[[75]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tallis-define-80)[[79]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-definition-84)[[80]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tennov-confused-85) The philosopher (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy)Arthur Lovejoy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy) once wrote that "The word 'romantic' has come to mean so many things that, by itself, it means nothing."[[91]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-97)[[92]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-98)
_Collins Dictionary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins\Dictionary) defines romantic love as "an intensity and idealization of a love relationship, in which the other is imbued with extraordinary virtue, beauty, etc., so that the relationship overrides all other considerations, including material ones."[[77]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-collins-romantic-82) The concept of romantic love also came to represent the idea of individualistic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism) choice in marriage (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage) and sexual partners (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_partner), although it's rarely realized fully and can be a source of both gratification and disappointment in relationships.[[77]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-collins-romantic-82)
People who experience little to no romantic attraction are referred to as aromantic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromantic).[[93]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-99)
Draft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesolimbic_pathway.svg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Totally_wild.jpg
To do: association by mistake, misattribution of arousal, and relief.
Save for later (Romance#Philosophy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance#Philosophy)):
The first major treatment [of love] was in Plato's Symposium, which characterized love as serving a human desire for immortality and union. This theme, or variations on it, pervaded nearly everything else written on love in the succeeding 2500 years, inside and outside of philosophy.
Other major contributions came mainly from literary figures, most notably the French novelist Stendhal. His classic On Love puts in essay form a discussion of the usual literary emphasis on passion and "falling in love" (which he described in terms of a "crystallization"). (Aron & Aron, 1986)[[94]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-100)
Plato, for example, argued that the ultimate goal of love is immortality, and that love between women and men (with the resulting production of children) is an approximation to that ultimate goal, the best that ordinary people can do. (Aron & Aron, 1996)[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-aron1996-12)
The ancient Greeks, for example, may have seen passionate love as providing wonderful material for drama, but they regarded it as madness when it occurred in everyday love. (Brehm, 1988)[[95]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-101)
One of the few more positive conceptions of passionate love in ancient Greece was that of platonic love, in which the lover attained transcendence and ecstasy through nonsexual adoration of the beloved. This kind of love was reserved almost exclusively for love between two men. (Brehm, 1985)[[96]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-102)
It is not the psychology of the romantics that is at fault: it is their standard of values. They admire strong passions, of no matter what kind, and whatever may be their social consequences. Romantic love, especially when unfortunate, is strong enough to win their approval, but most of the strongest passions are destructive—hate and resentment and jealousy, remorse and despair, outraged pride and the fury of the unjustly oppressed, martial ardour and contempt for slaves and cowards. Hence the type of man encouraged by romanticism, especially of the Byronic variety, is violent and anti-social, an anarchic rebel or a conquering tyrant. (Russell, 1946)[[97]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-103)
In Symposium, Plato argues it would be absurd to think the gods love anything but themselves--the great difference between gods and humans. (Singer, p. 4)
Plato attacked the idea that love is reducible to sex. (Singer, p. 27)
Plato's ladder of love. (Singer, p. 23)
Confuses carnal and spiritual; double bind at heart. (Tallis, p. 107)
The authenticity of the story inspired by Goethe's own unrequited love (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrequited_love) is what gives it power, and although Goethe did not commit suicide, he had an acquaintance who did.[[98]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tallis-werther-104) Made suicide part of the discourse (ennobling even). To lose oneself is to die, so according to Platonic doctrine (merging), to lose one's "true love" is to die. "Merging" has been criticized.[[99]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-105)[[100]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-106)[[101]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-107)
Philosophy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eros_bow_Musei_Capitolini_MC410.jpg
Roman copy of a Greek sculpture by Lysippus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysippus) depicting Eros (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eros), the Greek personification of romantic love
Plato
The philosopher (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher)Plato (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato) wrote the first major treatment on love in the Symposium (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium(Plato))_,[[102]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-aron-aron-symposium-108) a dialogue (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_dialogue) in which guests at a dinner party discuss the nature of Eros (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eros_(concept)).[[103]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-salter-symposium-109) Themes introduced by Plato in the Symposium went on to become pervasive in nearly all other writings on the subject of love.[[102]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-aron-aron-symposium-108)[[104]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-plato-influence-110) Plato (born c. 428 BC) has been considered the most influential of all philosophers (Aristotle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle) being a close second), for his effect on the writings of subsequent ages.[[105]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-russell-plato-influence-111)[[104]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-plato-influence-110)
In a speech given by Aristophanes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophanes) in the Symposium, Plato presents an early idea of "merging"—the idea that love is a completion of the whole, or a reunion with one's "other half" (from which one has been separated).[[106]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-courtly-merging-112)[[107]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-pursuit-merging-113) Later, this idea became prominent in the Romantic movement (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_movement).[[107]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-pursuit-merging-113) In the Greek legend (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_legend) recounted by Aristophanes, humans are born incomplete and yearning for their other half, because they were originally double-headed creatures with four arms and four legs but Zeus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus) cut them in two as a punishment for pride (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride).[[108]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tallis-merging-114)[[109]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-dover-aristophanes-115)
Aristophanes, however, is not viewed as a "spokesperson" for Plato in the dialogue; the speech is ironic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironic). Socrates (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates) advocates a different account, that true love is the knowing of absolute beauty (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty) (as a metaphysical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical) entity or idea (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea)) in which goodness is possessed, rather than only some specific instance of beauty.[[110]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-socrates-love-116)[[111]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-117) In Plato's theory of forms (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_forms), a particular instance of a thing (such as a specific cat) only exists as an imperfect copy of a unique ideal form created by God. This ideal form is "real", whereas a particular is only "apparent".[[112]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-russell-forms-118) According to Socrates, only a philosopher can possess supreme knowledge of absolute beauty and therefore come to satisfy his version of love.[[110]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-socrates-love-116)
By possession of "the good", Socrates explains that the goal of love is "to procreate and bring forth in beauty", related to the love of immortality (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality). Although only a philosopher's ascension can truly lead to a perpetual possession of the good, Socrates states that people also try to achieve immortality through physical means (by having beautiful children), spiritual means (by creating wisdom and virtue), or a combination where the physical beauty of another begets spiritual beauty.[[110]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-socrates-love-116) This particular passage of the Symposium is striking for its foreshadowing of courtly love (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtly_love), in which the love of the troubadours (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadours) inspired them to bring forth spiritual beauty in the form of poetry, music, and noble deeds in the service of a lady.[[113]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-socrates-troubadour-119)[[note 7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-120)
Socrates himself is also said to be suggestive of both the troubadour's lover and their beloved, in different respects. He resembles the troubadour lover in that he defers to a woman, Diotima (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diotima_of_Mantinea), as his "instructor in the art of love" and the source of his doctrine. However, Socrates also resembles the troubadour's beloved in his role as the object of affection (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affection), particularly of the young man Alcibiades (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcibiades), who states "I had no choice but to do whatever Socrates bade me.... I was utterly disconcerted, and wandered about in a state of enslavement". Diotima states that Socrates' love for young men prevents him from knowing absolute beauty, for if he could, he would spend all his time contemplating their beauty instead.[[113]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-socrates-troubadour-119)
Plato's concept of love in which the lover achieves transcendence through nonsexual adoration has also been interpreted as a positive conception of passionate love (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionate_love)—usually only between men at the time, because love and marriage were thought of as separate in ancient Greece (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece). The ancient Greeks did have a concept of passionate, romantic love, but it was typically viewed as a madness and only depicted in literature.[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-brehm-greece-rome-7)
Courtly love
_In you reside the flowers and the verdure,
And that which glows or is beautiful to see,
Your face is more resplendent than the sun,
Who sees you not can never value aught.
In this world there is no creature
So full of beauty or of pleasure,
And he who dreaded love is reassured
By your loveliness and can no longer fear.
The ladies who make up your retinue
Please me merely through your love of them,
And I beseech them, in their courtliness,
That those who can should honor you still more
And venerate your true supremacy,
Since of all women you remain the best._
The 12-century phenomenon of courtly love was a historical predecessor to romantic love philosophy,[[115]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-123)[[116]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-fin-amors-124)[[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tallis-courtezia-6) although both philosophies encompassed viewpoints which did not always agree or converge on a singular set of ideals.[[117]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-125)[[note 1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-courtly-romantic-connect-38)
The term "courtly love" (French: "amour courtois") was coined by the French medievalist Gaston Paris (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Paris), in 1883. Under his influence, scholars at the time began to discuss the concept of a "code" or "body of rules" which supposedly pervaded medieval culture. This was further developed by C. S. Lewis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis) in _The Allegory of Love (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Allegory_of\Love) (1936), in which Lewis defined its characteristics as humility, courtesy, adultery, and the religion of love. This original formulation of the concept held that courtly love involved fundamentally illicit or adulterous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulterous) attitudes—exemplified by the works of Chrétien de Troyes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes) (e.g. _Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot,_the_Knight_of_the\Cart)).[[118]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-courtly-origin-126) This kind of idea was also advanced by the cultural critic Denis de Rougemont (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_de_Rougemont) in his influential book Love in the Western World (1939), a literary analysis of another story de Troyes was involved with creating (_Tristan and Iseult (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_and\Iseult)).[[118]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-courtly-origin-126)[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-rougemont-tristan-4)[[note 2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-de-rougemont-history-42)
The original formulation has been criticized, because in reality the 12-century phenomenon was less unified, and the scholarly discussion about this became increasingly diffuse over time. Irving Singer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Singer) says "I am convinced that the definition of courtly love formulated by Paris and Lewis is very misleading. But rather than eliminate the term from scholarly discourse, I think it is wiser merely to redefine the concept in a way that will accommodate the great diversity of attitudes toward love in the Middle Ages."[[118]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-courtly-origin-126)
Singer summarizes the philosophy of courtly love as the following cluster of ideas—which often appear together, but are not necessarily present in any given author of the period:[[119]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-cluster-of-ideas-127)
1. sexual love between men and women is in itself something splendid, an ideal worth striving for;
2. love ennobles both the lover and the beloved;
3. being an ethical and aesthetic attainment, sexual love cannot be reduced to mere libidinal impulse;
4. love pertains to courtesy and courtship but is not necessarily related to the institution of marriage;
5. love is an intense, passionate relationship that establishes a holy oneness between man and woman.
— Irving Singer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Singer), The Nature of Love, Volume 2: Courtly and Romantic
Initially, courtly love emerged in Provence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence) (Southern France (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_France)) as a type of literature (poetry) created by poets known as the troubadours (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadours). In this earlier southern form, courtly love was often unrequited (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrequited_love). Adultery was only introduced as a theme when the phenomenon moved northward to Aquitaine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitaine), and later England (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England).[[120]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-south-north-128)[[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tallis-courtezia-6) A regular feature was the conflict between early humanistic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic) ideals (where pleasure and desire can be a source of goodness) and the religious (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious) precepts of the time.[[121]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-courtly-religion-129)[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-heresy-20)Medieval Christian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Christian) doctrine generally condemned sexuality (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality) as a source of pleasure. All was seen as subordinate to spiritual love (God's agape (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agape), and one's love of God (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_of_God) in return); willfulness (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willfulness) was even more sinful (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin) than fornication (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornication).[[121]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-courtly-religion-129)[[5]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-sin-5)
In the Western tradition (drawing from Plato (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato) and Aristotle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle)), Christian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian) religious love was defined in terms of a union with God. According to a strand of Christian mysticism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mysticism), one actually merges with God in a manner reminiscent of Aristophanes' myth, although this was criticized by the orthodoxy who maintained that man can only be wedded with God while each remains distinct.[[122]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-130)
The concept of "fin'amors" ("pure love" or "true love") was then invented by the troubadours,[[123]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-fin-amors-131)[[116]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-fin-amors-124) combining elements of Christian mysticism with Neoplatonism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism) from the Middle-East.[[123]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-fin-amors-131) According to Singer, the troubadours would not have thought of themselves as socially subversive. Rather, fin'amors (in its initial southern form) contextualized love in the hierarchical medieval world as subservience to a lady, who was even sometimes a legal sovereign. However, in its failure to subordinate itself to God, fin'amors encouraged self-sufficiency—seeking from human beings what according to Christianity only God provides.[[124]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-132)
The Albigensian Crusade (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade) later terminated the activity of the troubadours in Provence, although their poems lived on and spread as a cultural influence.[[125]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-133)[[126]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-134)
Capellanus. Influenced by Plato. (Singer, pp. 31, 34, 37–38, 42, 62, 64, 71)
Petrarch & Dante.
Enlightenment
Background.
David Hume (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume) wrote at the end of the Enlightenment, and wrote a famous critique of reason. Hume and Rousseau were friends, but had a famous quarrel. According to Russell, all subsequent "unreason" is a natural sequel to Hume's critique. Hume argued that "reason is and ought to be the slave of the passions". According to Singer, the concept of romantic love largely issues from this era in history.
Romanticism
_Our breath shall intermix, our bosoms bound,
And our veins beat together; and our lips
With other eloquence than words, eclipse
The soul that burns between them, and the wells
Which boil under our being's inmost cells,
The fountains of our deepest life, shall be
Confused in passion's golden purity
As mountain-springs under the morning Sun.
We shall become the same, we shall be one
Spirit within two frames, oh! wherefore two?_
Like other historical movements, "Romanticism" is elusive to precisely define.[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-romanticism-3) Broadly speaking, however, it refers to a movement which emerged at the end of the 18th century. The Romantics had primarily aesthetic motives, rejecting Enlightenment (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment) values (which venerated reason (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason)), and emphasizing passionate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionate) individual life over utility.[[128]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-russell-romanticism-136)[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tallis-romanticism-2) According to Bertrand Russell (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell), their temper is best studied in fiction; "they felt inspired only by what was grand, remote, and terrifying", and the Middle Ages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages) pleased them the best.[[128]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-russell-romanticism-136) The Romantic movement had much wider concerns than romantic love, however.[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tallis-romanticism-2) Present day art, literature, philosophy and even politics have been influenced at least somehow by the movement.[[128]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-russell-romanticism-136)Frank Tallis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tallis) calls Romanticism "the closest thing we have to a religious faith in a predominantly secular society".[[129]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-137)
The earliest figure in the movement was Jean-Jacques Rousseau (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau), writing in Geneva (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Geneva), who was mainly important for his "appeal to the heart" (then called "sensibility (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensibility)", meaning proneness to emotion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion)).[[130]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-russell-rousseau-138)[[131]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-goethe-rousseau-139) Rousseau is known for having political ideas which influenced the French Revolution (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution)—but also kinds of totalitarianism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism).[[130]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-russell-rousseau-138) His philosophy additionally influenced the writings on love, by those such as Marquis de Sade (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade), Stendhal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal) and Immanuel Kant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant).[[131]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-goethe-rousseau-139) Rousseau was an enthusiastic proponent of romantic love and harmonious marriage.[[132]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-140)
The Romantics admired strong passion of any kind; hence, romantic love was approved of, particularly the unfortunate kind.[[128]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-russell-romanticism-136) Initially, the movement emerged mainly in Germany (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany), influenced by the novel _The Sorrows of Young Werther (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_Young\Werther) (1774), by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe).[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tallis-romanticism-2)[[133]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-141)[[134]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-142) The book is a tragic love story, reprising themes of courtly love (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtly_love). Werther falls in love (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_in_love) with Charlotte, who is engaged and then married to another man, Albert. Werther then becomes increasingly disturbed and eventually commits suicide, by shooting himself with a pair of Albert's pistols.[[98]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tallis-werther-104)[[135]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-143)[[136]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-144) Charlotte does not die with Werther, but he thinks she will join him after death in some kind of transcendent union.[[137]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-145) The book inspired copycat suicides (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copycat_suicide)—rumored to be an epidemic, although this was probably exaggerated. One woman drowned herself in a river behind Goethe's own garden, and another killed herself with a copy of the book in her pocket.[[98]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tallis-werther-104) The book's power issues in part from its inspiration in a true story of Goethe's own unrequited love (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrequited_love), and although Goethe did not commit suicide, he had an acquaintance who did.[[98]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tallis-werther-104)
It can be argued, however, that Rousseau and Goethe were more so precursors for their influence, rather than being representative of the movement as a whole.[[131]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-goethe-rousseau-139) Furthermore, while many Romantics were optimistic (or "idealist") about the prospect of romantic love, others were more pessimistic (or "realist") and did not believe in it. Among critics of Werther, for example, romantic optimists viewed the story as a tragedy of love being thwarted by the interference of an intolerant world; however, romantic pessimists viewed the character as merely a neurotic young man who kills himself as a result of psychological disabilities. Goethe himself seemed willing to entertain either interpretation.[[138]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-realist-idealist-146)
Romantic idealism had its peak in the poetry of Percy Bysshe Shelley (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley), whose yearning for love is a recurring theme—evidently the most vivid aspect of love he seemed to experience.[[127]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-shelley-135)[[139]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-russell-shelley-147) In an exemplary passage on merging, Shelley states that love is "that powerful attraction towards all that we conceive, or fear, or hope beyond ourselves, when we find within our own thoughts the chasm of an insufficient void and seek to awaken in all things that are a community with what we experience within ourselves. If we reason, we would be understood; if we imagine, we would that the airy children of our brain were born anew within another's; if we feel, we would that another's nerves should vibrate to our own, that the beams of their eyes should kindle at once and mix and melt into our own, that lips of motionless ice should not reply to lips quivering and burning with the heart's best blood. This is Love."[[127]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-shelley-135)
Shelley, however, became pessimistic at the end of his life, with a despair that even bordered on a "love of death".[[140]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-148) Bertrand Russell has claimed that Shelley's kind of optimism rested on "bad psychology", because it was only the obstacles to his desire that led him to write poetry.[[139]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-russell-shelley-147) Russell nevertheless advocated that society ought to permit romantic love, despite his cynicism.[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-russell-romantic-marriage-1)
Arthur Schopenhauer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer) was a pessimistic philosopher whose principal work was in the 19th century.[[141]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-149) In a sense, Schopenhauer's philosophy of love mingles with Aristophanes' myth; however, rather than being spiritual or divine, Schopenhauer explains love as nature's reproductive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction) device, so merging serves a biological end. Passionate love (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionate_love) is the agency by which the will (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(philosophy)) carries this out, merely deluding the lovers into thinking one another is unique and worthy of their obsessive attention.[[142]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-schopenhauer-150)[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-151) According to Schopenhauer, once coitus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coitus) satisfies the need for propagation of the species, the lovers' passion immediately dissipates without lasting joy. As a result, Schopenhauer denies the likelihood that passionate love would lead to a happy marriage, prompting a pessimistic dilemma (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilemma): if a marriage is to be happy, it would be for reasons other than love (e.g. arrangement (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranged_marriage)); however, this runs counter to the demands of the will.[[142]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-schopenhauer-150)
Byron, Don Juan, Stendhal.
Notes
1. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-courtly-romantic-connect_38-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-courtly-romantic-connect_38-1)Some authors have considered the "courtly" and "romantic" ideas of love to be identical, but this direct connection through history has been overstated. According to Irving Singer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Singer), "Concepts of courtly and Romantic love belong to disparate (though intersecting) philosophical traditions", and the modern idea of romantic love largely originates from around the time of David Hume (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume) and other contemporaneous developments. Hume was an 18th-century philosopher (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy) who argued that "reason is and ought to be the slave of the passions". However, Singer states that "Having said all this, we may now agree that the Western concept of love (in its heterosexual and humanistic aspects) was—if not 'invented' or 'discovered'—at least developed in the twelfth century as never before."[[37]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-courtly-love-37)
2. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-de-rougemont-history_42-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-de-rougemont-history_42-1)Denis de Rougemont (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_de_Rougemont) is a notable 20th-century theorist who argued that the medieval troubadours (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadours) were secretly Cathars (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathars), and that romantic love sprung forth from this as a kind of religious (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious)heresy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy) (against Christianity (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity)) "by people whose spirit, whether naturally or by inheritance, was still pagan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan)".[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-39)[[37]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-courtly-love-37)[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-heresy-20)Irving Singer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Singer) has called de Rougemont's version of history a kind of "propagandistic inaccuracy".[[37]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-courtly-love-37) An alternative theory is that troubadour poetry was influenced by Arab works, like _Layla and Majnun (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layla_and\Majnun).[[39]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-40)[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-heresy-20)[[40]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-41)
3. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-58)"Love style" was also stylized by Lee as "lovestyle"[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-lee-typology-54) and "love-style".[[55]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-57)
4. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-63)All of the types identified by Lee (eighteen in total) are as follows.[[59]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-62)The twelve types originally proposed by Lee (and expanded on by him with profiles) are listed first.According to Lee, the six tertiary types listed underneath (and italicized) are theoretically possible, but might not actually exist. Only the three tertiary types of mania could be identified with certainty.
1. Primary
• Eros
• Ludus
• Storge
2. Secondary (compound)
• Mania (ludus–eros)
• Agape (eros–storge)
• Pragma (ludus–storge)
3. Secondary (mixture)
• Ludic eros
• Storgic eros
• Storgic ludus
4. Tertiary (certain)
• Manic eros
• Manic ludus
• Manic storge
5. Tertiary (only theoretical)
• Agapic eros
• Agapic ludus
• Agapic storge
• Pragmatic eros
• Pragmatic ludus
• Pragmatic storge
5. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-68)All 32 of the most significant factors are listed in the full table in Colours of Love, but some specific items are mentioned in prose.[[63]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-32-factors-67)
6. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-86)Scholars on the topic of love (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love) do not agree on a unified set of terms or definitions for these concepts.[[78]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-prox-ult-83)[[76]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-what-is-romantic-love-81)[[79]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-karandashev-definition-84)[[75]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tallis-define-80)[[80]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-tennov-confused-85)
7. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-120)According to Irving Singer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Singer), the troubadours did not have direct access to Plato's writings, so his ideas must have come to them from Middle-Eastern Neoplatonism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism).[[113]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-socrates-troubadour-119)
8. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-122)According to Irving Singer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Singer), "The entire tradition of French courtly love is summed up, distilled, and clarified in a poem such as this" by Cavalcanti.[[114]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_note-singer-cavalcanti-121)
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30. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-refuting_30-0)Langeslag, Sandra (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Langeslag) (2024). "Refuting Six Misconceptions about Romantic Love" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11117554). Behavioral Sciences. 14 (5): 383. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.3390/bs14050383 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbs14050383). PMC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier))11117554 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11117554). PMID (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier))38785874 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38785874).
31. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-bode_31-0)Bode, Adam; Kushnick, Geoff (2021). "Proximate and Ultimate Perspectives on Romantic Love" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8074860). Frontiers in Psychology. 12: 573123. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.3389/fpsyg.2021.573123 (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2021.573123). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))1664-1078 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078). PMC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier))8074860 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8074860). PMID (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier))33912094 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33912094).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_article_number_as_page_number))
32. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-:22_32-0)Younger, Jarred; Aron, Arthur; Parke, Sara; Chatterjee, Neil; Mackey, Sean (2010-10-13). Brezina, Vladimir (ed.). "Viewing Pictures of a Romantic Partner Reduces Experimental Pain: Involvement of Neural Reward Systems" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2954158). PLOS ONE. 5 (10): e13309. Bibcode (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)):2010PLoSO...513309Y (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...513309Y). doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1371/journal.pone.0013309 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013309). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))1932-6203 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203). PMC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier))2954158 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2954158). PMID (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier))20967200 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20967200).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_article_number_as_page_number))
33. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-co-opted_33-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-co-opted_33-1)Bode, Adam (16 October 2023). "Romantic love evolved by co-opting mother-infant bonding" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10616966). _Frontiers in Psychology (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontiers_in\Psychology). 14. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176067 (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2023.1176067). PMC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier))10616966 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10616966). PMID (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier))37915523 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37915523).
34. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-:31_34-0)Machin, A.J. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Machin); Dunbar, R.I.M (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Dunbar) (2011). "The brain opioid theory of social attachment: a review of the evidence" (https://brill.com/view/journals/beh/148/9-10/article-p985_1.xml). Behaviour. 148 (9–10): 985–1025. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1163/000579511X596624 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F000579511X596624). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))0005-7959 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0005-7959).
35. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-:33_35-0)Olney, Jeffrey J; Warlow, Shelley M; Naffziger, Erin E; Berridge, Kent C (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_C._Berridge) (August 2018). "Current perspectives on incentive salience and applications to clinical disorders" (https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352154617301948). Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 22: 59–69. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.01.007 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cobeha.2018.01.007). PMC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier))5831552 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5831552). PMID (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier))29503841 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29503841).
36. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-Hayes_36-0)Hayes, Nicky (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Hayes) (2000), Foundations of Psychology (3rd ed.), London: Thomson Learning, pp.457–458, ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))1861525893 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1861525893): "Tennov (1979) used the term limerence to refer to a kind of infatuated, all-absorbing passion — the kind of love that Dante felt for Beatrice, or that Juliet and Romeo felt for each other. Tennov argued that an important feature of limerence is that it should be unrequited, or at least unfulfilled. It consists of a state of intense longing for the other person, in which the individual becomes more or less obsessed by that person and spends much of their time fantasising about them. [...] Tennov suggests that limerence can only really last if external conditions are such that it remains unfulfilled: it is not uncommon for people to maintain a state of limerence about someone who is unreachable for some years; but if the desired person should actually come within reach, so that the desired relationship begins, then the limerence becomes extinguished and the attraction sometimes disappears very quickly."
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38. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-39)Rougemont 1983 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFRougemont1983), pp.60, 74–102, 173–174
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44. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-fall-news-2022_46-0)Cite error: The named reference fall-news-2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text)).
45. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-bode-kowal-reporting_47-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-bode-kowal-reporting_47-1)Bode, Adam; Kowal, Marta (2023). "Toward consistent reporting of sample characteristics in studies investigating the biological mechanisms of romantic love" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10192910). Frontiers in Psychology. 14 983419. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.3389/fpsyg.2023.983419 (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2023.983419). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))1664-1078 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078). PMC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier))10192910 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10192910). PMID (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier))37213378 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37213378).
46. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-48)Graham, James M.; Christiansen, Kenan (2009). "The reliability of romantic love: A reliability generalization meta‐analysis" (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01209.x). Personal Relationships. 16 (1): 49–66. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01209.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6811.2009.01209.x). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))1350-4126 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1350-4126).
47. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-hendricks1986_49-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-hendricks1986_49-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-hendricks1986_49-2)d (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-hendricks1986_49-3)e (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-hendricks1986_49-4)f (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-hendricks1986_49-5)Hendrick, Clyde; Hendrick, Susan (1986). "A theory and method of love" (https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.392). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 50 (2): 392–402. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.392 (https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.50.2.392). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))1939-1315 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1315).Cite error: The named reference "hendricks1986" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key)).
48. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-50)Hendrick, Clyde (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Hendrick); Hendrick, Susan S. (2006). "Styles of Romantic Love". In Sternberg, Robert (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sternberg); Weis, Karin (eds.). The New Psychology of Love (https://books.google.com/books?id=bUSRsXs2kGEC). Yale University Press. pp.149–170. ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))9780300116977 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300116977). Retrieved 6 April 2025.
49. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-51)Davis, John. "Love Doctors Prescribe Advice to Hopeless, Clueless Romantics" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160706094733/http://www.depts.ttu.edu/communications/experts/featured/valentine/love-doctors.php). _Texas Tech University (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech\University). Archived from the original (http://www.depts.ttu.edu/communications/experts/featured/valentine/love-doctors.php) on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2026.
50. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-52)Colours in Lee 1973 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFLee1973), p.23
51. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-53)Diagram in Lee 1988 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFLee1988), p.54
52. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lee-typology_54-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lee-typology_54-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lee-typology_54-2)d (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lee-typology_54-3)e (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lee-typology_54-4)f (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lee-typology_54-5)g (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lee-typology_54-6)h (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lee-typology_54-7)i (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lee-typology_54-8)Lee, John Alan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alan_Lee) (1977). "A Typology of Styles of Loving" (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/014616727700300204). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 3 (2): 173–182. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1177/014616727700300204 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014616727700300204). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))0146-1672 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-1672). My concern has been, not to define love, but to distinguish clearly the personal and social expression of the various conceptions of love, the various 'styles of loving' or more conveniently, lovestyles. However, I am interested in only those forms of love involved in intimate adult affiliation (sometimes called mating love, marrying love, or 'heterosexual love'). I am not concerned with love of God, love of children, or love of country, though these ideas of love are by no means unrelated to conceptualizations of intimate adult affiliation.Cite error: The named reference "lee-typology" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key)).
53. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lee-77-definitions_55-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lee-77-definitions_55-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lee-77-definitions_55-2)Lee 1977 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFLee1977), pp.4–8, 80–81, 167–170: 'How many kinds of love are there? As with color, this is entirely a matter of useful distinction. For most of us, it is sufficient to distinguish brown from green and yellow, without getting into the many shades of brown. My research disclosed twelve "colors of love" sufficient to describe the experience of most lovers.The lovestyles described in this book are the result of systematic analysis of the love experiences of more than two hundred men and women from the ages of sixteen to seventy. Each respondent completed a detailed record of his or her experience, beginning with recollections of childhood and the love relationships between the respondent's parents. Although each respondent's "love story" was unique in its details, when the many thousands of items of data from all the stories were coded and analyzed, certain similarities emerged. The basic "patterns" of love, which I have named lovestyles, have been independently confirmed by another sociologist, using different samples.'
54. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-lee_56-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-lee_56-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-lee_56-2)Karandashev, Victor (9 October 2022). "The Typology of Love Styles Developed by John Alan Lee" (https://love-diversity.org/the-typology-of-love-styles-developed-by-john-alan-lee/). The Diversity of Love Journal. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20251112001622/https://love-diversity.org/the-typology-of-love-styles-developed-by-john-alan-lee/) from the original on 12 November 2025. Retrieved 3 June 2026. The six love styles in the typology represent the distinctive clusters of personal beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, and individual identity that men and women exhibit in love. [...] Lee denoted these love styles with conventional labels borrowed from the Greek and Latin lexicon of love. [...] The author proposed the hierarchical taxonomic structure of these love styles. So, he illustrated this love typology with a circle of love. A color system provided an illustrative analogy that would be meaningful to represent love styles as a vivid taxonomical system.
55. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-57)Lee 1988 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFLee1988)
56. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-how_59-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-how_59-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-how_59-2)d (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-how_59-3)e (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-how_59-4)Karandashev, Victor (10 October 2022). "How John Lee Originally Assessed Love Styles" (https://love-diversity.org/how-john-lee-originally-assessed-love-styles/). The Diversity of Love Journal. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20251010002450/https://love-diversity.org/how-john-lee-originally-assessed-love-styles/) from the original on 10 October 2025. Retrieved 3 June 2026.
57. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-hatfield-styles_60-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-hatfield-styles_60-1)Hatfield & Walster 1985 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFHatfieldWalster1985), p.38
58. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lee-73-number_61-0)Lee 1973 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFLee1973), pp.10, 12–13, 156–159: "The number of kinds of love you are prepared to distinguish depends on how particular you are. I propose to stop at twelve kinds, though I indicate six more for further exploration. [...] One of my tasks in this research has been to reduce the possible types of love to a manageable number without generalizing too much. As indicated, my theory at present proposes twelve types, but this is not necessarily final."
59. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-62)Lee 1973 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFLee1973), pp.10–13, 23–29, 156–169
60. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-64)Lee 1988 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFLee1988), pp.42–53
61. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lscs-73_65-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lscs-73_65-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lscs-73_65-2)d (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lscs-73_65-3)Lee 1973 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFLee1973), pp.240–241, 243
62. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-66)Lee 1973 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFLee1973), pp.259–260
63. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-32-factors_67-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-32-factors_67-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-32-factors_67-2)Lee 1973 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFLee1973), pp.260–261: "Among the most predictive factors (those which predicted that certain other experiences would occur) were an unhappy childhood, early sexual intercourse with the beloved, immediate physical attraction to the beloved, a clearly defined ideal image of the desired partner, an intense mental preoccupation with the partner, and attempts to force the partner to show more feeling."
64. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-69)Lee 1973 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFLee1973), pp.262–267
65. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-70)Lee 1973 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFLee1973), pp.266–267
66. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-las_71-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-las_71-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-las_71-2)d (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-las_71-3)e (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-las_71-4)f (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-las_71-5)Karandashev, Victor (18 October 2022). "What Does the Love Attitude Scale Evaluate?" (https://love-diversity.org/what-does-the-love-attitude-scale-evaluate/). The Diversity of Love Journal. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20250117224712/https://love-diversity.org/what-does-the-love-attitude-scale-evaluate/) from the original on 17 January 2025. Retrieved 23 August 2025.
67. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-las-2006_72-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-las-2006_72-1)Hendrick & Hendrick 2006 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFHendrickHendrick2006), pp.152–153 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHendrickHendrick2006 (help (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors))
68. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-lee-rating-scales_73-0)Hendrick & Hendrick 2006 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFHendrickHendrick2006), pp.149–150, 152 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHendrickHendrick2006 (help (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors)): '[Lee] complained about the ahistorical nature of [most research based on his ideas] and the limited information that he felt could be derived from a rating scale: "There are no satisfactory shortcuts[.] Only elaborate instruments such as the Love Story Card Sort can distinguish between [rich] ideologies[.]" [...] Needless to say, Lee lost his argument against the use of rating scales. [...] Sometime after completing the writing of his chapter for The Psychology of Love, but before its publication, Lee apparently accepted the ubiquity of rating scales, as witnessed by a gracious and complimentary letter to us[.]'
69. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-74)Hendrick & Hendrick 2006 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFHendrickHendrick2006), pp.151, 156–157 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHendrickHendrick2006 (help (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors))
70. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-75)Hendrick & Hendrick 2006 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFHendrickHendrick2006), p.150 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHendrickHendrick2006 (help (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors))
71. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-las-twins_76-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-las-twins_76-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-las-twins_76-2)Waller, Niels G.; Shaver, Phillip R. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_R._Shaver) (September 1994). "The Importance of Nongenetic Influences on Romantic Love Styles: A Twin-Family Study" (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00624.x). Psychological Science. 5 (5): 268–274. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00624.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.1994.tb00624.x). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))0956-7976 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-7976).
72. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-las-genes_77-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-las-genes_77-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-las-genes_77-2)Emanuele, Enzo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Emanuele); Brondino, Natascia; Pesenti, Sara; Re, Simona; Geroldi, Diego (2007). "Genetic loading on human loving styles" (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18063936). Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 28 (6): 815–821. ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))0172-780X (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0172-780X). PMID (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier))18063936 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18063936).
73. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-hendricks-las_78-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-hendricks-las_78-1)Hendrick & Hendrick 2006 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFHendrickHendrick2006), p.151 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHendrickHendrick2006 (help (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors))
74. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-plomin-twins_79-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-plomin-twins_79-1)Plomin et al. 2000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFPlominDeFriesMcClearnMcGuffin2000), pp.75–82, 85, 87, 169, 296–301, 329–331
75. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-tallis-define_80-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-tallis-define_80-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-tallis-define_80-2)Cite error: The named reference tallis-define was invoked but never defined (see the help page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text)).
76. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-what-is-romantic-love_81-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-what-is-romantic-love_81-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-what-is-romantic-love_81-2)d (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-what-is-romantic-love_81-3)e (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-what-is-romantic-love_81-4)Cite error: The named reference what-is-romantic-love was invoked but never defined (see the help page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text)).
77. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-collins-romantic_82-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-collins-romantic_82-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-collins-romantic_82-2)d (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-collins-romantic_82-3)Jary, David; Jary, Julia (2000). Collins Dictionary of Sociology (https://books.google.com/books?id=vavLSAAACAAJ). HarperCollins. p.525. ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))978-0-00-472511-6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-472511-6).
78. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-prox-ult_83-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-prox-ult_83-1)Cite error: The named reference prox-ult was invoked but never defined (see the help page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text)).
79. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-definition_84-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-definition_84-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-definition_84-2)Cite error: The named reference karandashev-definition was invoked but never defined (see the help page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text)).
80. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-tennov-confused_85-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-tennov-confused_85-1)Tennov 1999 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFTennov1999), pp.4–5, 72, 168, 181, 211: "[I]t was only after several years of work that I began to realize fully the confused and contradictory reactions the subject of romantic love evoked in the writers of scientific literature."
81. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-fisher4_87-0)Cite error: The named reference fisher4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text)).
82. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-fisher23_88-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-fisher23_88-1)Cite error: The named reference fisher23 was invoked but never defined (see the help page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text)).
83. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-merriam-webster-romance_89-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-merriam-webster-romance_89-1)"ROMANCE Definition & Meaning – Merriam-Webster" (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/romance). Merriam-Webster (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20251207135619/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/romance) from the original on 7 December 2025. Retrieved 30 January 2026.
84. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-90)Johnson 2013 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFJohnson2013), pp.43–44, 102–103, 147–148, 195–198
85. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-91)Branden & Branden 1982 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFBrandenBranden1982), pp.21–22: "Romantic love is a passionate spiritual-emotional-sexual attachment between a man and a woman that reflects a high regard for the value of each other's person. I do not describe a relationship as romantic love if the couple does not experience their attachment as passionate or intense, at least to some significant extent."
86. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-sternberg-triangle_92-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-sternberg-triangle_92-1)Cite error: The named reference sternberg-triangle was invoked but never defined (see the help page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text)).
87. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-collins-romance_93-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-collins-romance_93-1)Dictionaries, Collins (2019). Collins English Dictionary: All the Words You Need, Every Day (https://books.google.com/books?id=zfKgugEACAAJ). HarperCollins Publishers Limited. p.693. ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))978-0-00-830943-5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-830943-5). romance_n_1 a love affair: _a failed romance_2 love, esp. romantic love, idealized for its purity or beauty [...] 5 a story or film dealing with love, usually in an idealized way
88. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-ah-romance_94-0)Cite error: The named reference ah-romance was invoked but never defined (see the help page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text)).
89. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-NYT-20240213dgs_95-0)Smith, Dana G. (February 13, 2024). "What New Love Does to Your Brain - Roses are red, violets are blue. Romance can really mess with you" (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/13/well/mind/love-romance-brain.html). _The New York Times (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York\Times). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20250409040634/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/13/well/mind/love-romance-brain.html) from the original on April 9, 2025. Retrieved April 9, 2025.
90. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-96)McGill, Bridgett; Dunn, Steven M. (2023). "Romance" (https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_353-1). Encyclopedia of Sexual Psychology and Behavior. Springer, Cham (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer,Cham). pp.1–4. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi(identifier)):10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_353-1 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-08956-5_353-1). ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))978-3-031-08956-5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-08956-5).
91. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-97)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), p.283; Lovejoy is quoted in a discussion of romantic love
92. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-98)Lovejoy, Arthur O. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy) (6 February 2009) [1948]. Essays in the History of Ideas (https://books.google.com/books?id=Fs_QAAAAMAAJ). Johns Hopkins University Press. p.232. ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))978-0-8018-0392-5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-0392-5). Archived (https://archive.org/details/essaysinhistoryo0000arth) from the original on 23 February 2024.
93. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-99)"AROMANTIC Definition & Meaning – Merriam-Webster" (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aromantic). Merriam-Webster (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230325222124/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aromantic) from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2026.
94. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-100)Aron & Aron 1986 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFAronAron1986), p.3
95. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-101)Brehm 1988 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFBrehm1988), p.233
96. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-102)Brehm 1985 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFBrehm1985), p.96
97. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-103)Russell 1946 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFRussell1946), p.707
98. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-tallis-werther_104-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-tallis-werther_104-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-tallis-werther_104-2)d (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-tallis-werther_104-3)Tallis 2005 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFTallis2005), pp.102–104, 246–248
99. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-105)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), p.6
100. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-106)Singer 2009b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009b), pp.25, 27
101. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-107)Tallis 2005 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFTallis2005), pp.182–183, 248–249
102. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-aron-aron-symposium_108-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-aron-aron-symposium_108-1)Aron & Aron 1986 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFAronAron1986), p.3
103. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-salter-symposium_109-0)Salter, Stephen (22 July 2025). "From Ancient Banquet to Psychoanalysis: Plato's Symposium" (https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/ideals-in-question/202507/from-ancient-banquet-to-psychoanalysis-platos-symposium). _Psychology Today (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology\Today). Retrieved 20 January 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))
104. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-plato-influence_110-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-plato-influence_110-1)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.23, 37–38
105. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-russell-plato-influence_111-0)Russell 1946 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFRussell1946), p.125
106. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-courtly-merging_112-0)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.8, 31
107. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-pursuit-merging_113-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-pursuit-merging_113-1)Singer 2009b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009b), pp.x, 23
108. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-tallis-merging_114-0)Tallis 2005 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFTallis2005), pp.181–182
109. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-dover-aristophanes_115-0)Dover, K. J. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_James_Dover) (November 1966). "Aristophanes' Speech in Plato's Symposium" (https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0075426900105300/type/journal_article). The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 86: 41–50. doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.2307/628991 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F628991). ISSN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier))0075-4269 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4269).
110. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-socrates-love_116-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-socrates-love_116-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-socrates-love_116-2)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.8–9, 38–39
111. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-117)Singer 2009b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009b), p.40
112. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-russell-forms_118-0)Russell 1946 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFRussell1946), pp.142–143
113. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-socrates-troubadour_119-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-socrates-troubadour_119-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-socrates-troubadour_119-2)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.40–42
114. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-cavalcanti_121-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-cavalcanti_121-1)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), p.146
115. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-123)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.35–36
116. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-fin-amors_124-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-karandashev-fin-amors_124-1)Karandashev 2017 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFKarandashev2017), pp.87–89
117. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-125)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.xviii–xxiii, 19–23, 29–30, 35–36, 59, 283–284
118. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-courtly-origin_126-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-courtly-origin_126-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-courtly-origin_126-2)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.xviii–xxiii, 19–22, 116, 121
119. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-cluster-of-ideas_127-0)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.22–33
120. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-south-north_128-0)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), p.34, 59
121. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-courtly-religion_129-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-courtly-religion_129-1)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.11–13, 25, 32, 35, 51–52, 59–60, 69, 71, 84–85, 90–91, 101, 129
122. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-130)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.9, 35–36
123. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-fin-amors_131-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-fin-amors_131-1)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), p.37
124. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-132)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.51–52
125. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-133)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), p.57
126. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-134)Karandashev 2017 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFKarandashev2017), pp.92–93
127. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-shelley_135-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-shelley_135-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-shelley_135-2)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.411, 417, 421, 422
128. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-russell-romanticism_136-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-russell-romanticism_136-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-russell-romanticism_136-2)d (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-russell-romanticism_136-3)Russell 1946 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFRussell1946), pp.19, 701, 703–705, 707: "The romantics did not aim at peace and quiet, but at vigorous and passionate individual life. [...] The romantic movement is characterized, as a whole, by the substitution of aesthetic for utilitarian standards. The earth-worm is useful, but not beautiful; the tiger is beautiful, but not useful. Darwin (who was not a romantic) praised the earth-worm; Blake praised the tiger. The morals of the romantics have primarily aesthetic motives. [...] The temper of the romantics is best studied in fiction. They liked what was strange: ghosts, ancient decayed castles, the last melancholy descendants of once-great families, practitioners of mesmerism and the occult sciences, falling tyrants and levantine pirates. [...] [T]hey felt inspired only by what was grand, remote, and terrifying. Science, of a somewhat dubious sort, could be utilized if it led to something astonishing; but in the main the Middle Ages, and what was most medieval in the present, pleased the romantics best. Very often they cut loose from actuality, either past or present, altogether."
129. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-137)Tallis 2005 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFTallis2005), p.104
130. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-russell-rousseau_138-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-russell-rousseau_138-1)Russell 1946 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFRussell1946), pp.701, 703–704, 711, 716, 721, 727
131. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-goethe-rousseau_139-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-goethe-rousseau_139-1)c (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-goethe-rousseau_139-2)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.284, 303, 344, 377, 435
132. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-140)Karandashev 2017 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFKarandashev2017), p.118
133. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-141)Russell 1946 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFRussell1946), pp.704–705
134. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-142)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), p.435
135. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-143)Karandashev 2017 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFKarandashev2017), p.114
136. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-144)Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von; Appelbaum, Stanley (2004). The sorrows of young Werther =: Die Leiden des jungen Werther (https://books.google.com/books?id=PO-o0AEACAAJ). A dual-language book. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. pp.191, 195, 201–203. ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))978-0-486-43363-9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43363-9).Readable on Internet Archive (https://archive.org/details/sorrowsofyoungwe0000goet_m9b1/).
137. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-145)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.437–438
138. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-realist-idealist_146-0)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.284–285, 435–436
139. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-russell-shelley_147-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-russell-shelley_147-1)Russell 1970 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFRussell1970), pp.72–73
140. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-148)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.427, 432–433
141. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-149)Russell 1946 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFRussell1946), pp.781–782
142. ^ a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-schopenhauer_150-0)b (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-singer-schopenhauer_150-1)Singer 2009a (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFSinger2009a), pp.443–444, 448–450, 452, 453
143. ^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#cite_ref-151)Karandashev 2017 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ShiveryPeaks/sandbox&diff=1360252138&oldid=1360252129#CITEREFKarandashev2017), p.109
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External links
• Early mentions of the phrase “Romantic love” in English literature (https://gynocentrism.com/2017/05/28/early-mentions-of-romantic-love-in-english-literature/) (Unreliable source—some MRA blogger)